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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of nosocomial infections in cancer patients

From: Establishment and validation of a nomogram to predict the in-hospital death risk of nosocomial infections in cancer patients

Variables

Whole cohort (n = 1008)

Training cohort (n = 708)

Validation cohort (n = 300)

Pb

Survival (n = 610)

Death (n = 98)

Pa

Sex (male)

563 (55.9)

336 (55.1)

63 (64.3)

0.088

164 (54.7)

0.621

Age (years old)

61 (54–68)

61 (54–69)

64 (54–71)

0.209

60 (53–67)

0.015*

 ≥ 61

533 (52.9)

332 (54.4)

60 (61.2)

 

141 (47.0)

 

 < 61

475 (47.1)

278 (45.6)

38 (38.8)

 

159 (53.0)

 

Tobacco use

430 (42.7)

261 (42.8)

45 (45.9)

0.561

124 (41.3)

0.580

ECOG-PS

   

< 0.001*

 

0.992

 0–2

951 (94.3)

591 (96.9)

77 (78.6)

 

283 (94.3)

 

 3–4

57 (5.7)

19 (3.1)

21 (21.4)

 

17 (5.7)

 

Underlying malignancy type

      

 Head and neck cancer

34 (3.4)

16 (2.6)

8 (8.2)

0.012*

10 (3.3)

0.964

 Lung cancer

193 (19.1)

106 (17.4)

32 (32.7)

< 0.001*

55 (18.3)

0.669

 Upper gastrointestinal cancer

285 (28.3)

180 (29.5)

23 (23.5)

0.220

82 (27.3)

0.666

 Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer

52 (5.2)

30 (4.9)

7 (7.1)

0.358

15 (5.0)

0.882

 Breast cancer

94 (9.3)

67 (11.0)

6 (6.1)

0.142

21 (7.0)

0.098

 Colon and rectal cancer

91 (9.0)

55 (9.0)

9 (9.2)

0.957

27 (9.0)

0.984

 Genitourinary cancer

48 (4.8)

33 (5.4)

3 (3.1)

0.463

12 (4.0)

0.460

 Gynecological cancer

211 (20.9)

123 (20.2)

10 (10.2)

0.019*

78 (26.0)

0.010*

Stage of cancer

   

0.045*

 

0.729

 Stage I–II

405 (40.2)

252 (41.3)

30 (30.6)

 

123 (41.0)

 

 Stage III–IV

603 (59.8)

358 (58.7)

68 (69.4)

 

177 (59.0)

 

Comorbidities

      

 COPD

48 (4.8)

23 (3.8)

10 (10.2)

0.011*

15 (5.0)

0.817

 Liver disease

53 (5.3)

29 (4.8)

13 (13.3)

0.001*

11 (3.7)

0.141

 Diabetes mellitus

99 (9.8)

50 (8.2)

11 (11.2)

0.321

38 (12.7)

0.048*

 Renal disease

42 (4.2)

22 (3.6)

11 (11.2)

0.002*

9 (3.0)

0.228

Source of infection

      

 Respiratory tract

376 (37.3)

227 (37.2)

46 (46.9)

0.066

103 (34.3)

0.205

 Gastrointestinal

36 (3.6)

16 (2.6)

7 (7.1)

0.019*

13 (4.3)

0.396

 Urinary tract

250 (24.8)

159 (26.1)

13 (13.3)

0.006*

78 (26.0)

0.566

 Skin and soft tissue

98 (9.7)

69 (11.3)

2 (2.0)

0.005*

27 (9.0)

0.614

 Thoracic cavity

59 (5.9)

35 (5.7)

2 (2.0)

0.127

22 (7.3)

0.193

 Abdominal cavity

59 (5.9)

36 (5.9)

5 (5.1)

0.753

18 (6.0)

0.897

 BSI

130 (12.9)

68 (11.1)

23 (23.5)

0.001*

39 (13.0)

0.949

Existence of fever

403 (40.0)

229 (37.5)

54 (55.1)

0.001*

120 (40.0)

0.993

Previous surgery (within 1 month)

   

< 0.001*

 

0.299

 None

668 (66.3)

387 (63.4)

87 (88.8)

 

194 (64.7)

 

 Curative surgery

314 (31.2)

205 (33.6)

8 (8.2)

 

101 (33.7)

 

 Palliative surgery

26 (2.6)

18 (3.0)

3 (3.1)

 

5 (1.7)

 

Previous chemotherapy (within 1 month)

   

0.245

 

0.950

 None

625 (62.0)

371 (60.8)

70 (71.4)

 

184 (61.3)

 

 Neoadjuvant

12 (1.2)

8 (1.3)

1 (1.0)

 

3 (1.0)

 

 Adjuvant

198 (19.6)

126 (20.7)

14 (14.3)

 

58 (19.3)

 

 1st line

114 (11.3)

71 (11.6)

6 (6.1)

 

37 (12.3)

 

 2nd line

42 (4.2)

23 (3.8)

5 (5.1)

 

14 (4.7)

 

 ≥ 3rd line

17 (1.7)

11 (1.8)

2 (2.0)

 

4 (1.3)

 

Previous radiotherapy (within 1 month)

142 (14.1)

89 (14.6)

9 (9.2)

0.150

44 (14.7)

0.731

Empirical antibiotic treatment

      

 β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor

161 (16.0)

92 (15.1)

11 (11.2)

0.315

58 (19.3)

0.058

 Third-generation cephalosporins

133 (13.2)

80 (13.1)

10 (10.2)

0.422

43 (14.3)

0.487

 Carbapenems

24 (2.4)

12 (2.0)

1 (1.0)

0.808

11 (3.7)

0.081

 Fluoroquinolones

117 (11.6)

71 (11.6)

9 (9.2)

0.476

37 (12.3)

0.639

 Aminoglycosides

8 (0.8)

3 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

1.000

5 (1.7)

0.100

 Combination therapy

405 (40.2)

250 (41.0)

55 (56.1)

0.005*

100 (33.3)

0.004*

Length of antimicrobial therapy (day)

7 (4–11)

7 (4–11)

6 (3–10)

0.016*

7 (4–10)

0.546

 ≥ 7

563 (56.4)

359 (50.7)

45 (6.4)

 

165 (55.0)

 

 < 7

439 (43.6)

251 (35.5)

53 (7.5)

 

135 (45.0)

 

Presence of indwelling catheters

564 (56.0)

350 (57.4)

45 (45.9)

0.034*

169 (56.3)

0.874

ICU admission

99 (9.8)

68 (11.1)

13 (13.3)

0.541

18 (6.0)

0.008*

Mechanical ventilation

66 (6.5)

35 (5.7)

14 (14.3)

0.002*

17 (5.7)

0.462

Septic shock

124 (12.3)

58 (9.5)

37 (37.8)

< 0.001*

29 (9.7)

0.097

Laboratory examination results

      

 Hemoglobin (g/L; normal range 115–150)

108.2 ± 20.1

108.9 ± 19.5

103.4 ± 22.3

0.010

108.3 ± 20.56

0.921

 < 110

536 (53.2)

325 (53.3)

61 (62.2)

0.098

150 (50.0)

0.189

 Platelet count (× 109/L; normal range 125–350)

211.1 ± 113.4

217.8 ± 117.8

172.9 ± 113.7

< 0.001

210.1 ± 101.6

0.852

 < 100.0

131 (13.0)

67 (11.0)

25 (25.5)

< 0.001*

39 (13.0)

0.998

 White-cell count (× 109/L; normal range 4.0–10.0)

8.1 ± 5.1

8.2 ± 5.1

9.1 ± 6.8

0.257

7.6 ± 4.2

0.021*

 > 10.0

265 (26.3)

168 (27.5)

34 (34.7)

0.146

63 (21.0)

0.013*

 < 4.0

161 (16.0)

93 (15.2)

20 (20.4)

0.195

48 (16.0)

0.987

 Neutrophils count (× 109/L)

6.6 ± 4.8

6.6 ± 4.9

7.7 ± 6.4

0.107

6.1 ± 4.0

0.026*

 Lymphocytes count (× 109/L; normal range 1.1–3.2)

1.0 ± 0.6

1.0 ± 0.6

0.8 ± 0.6

0.009

1.0 ± 0.6

0.800

 < 1.0

583 (57.8)

352 (57.7)

71 (72.4)

0.006*

160 (53.3)

0.059

 Albumin (g/L; normal range 40–55)

34.2 ± 6.1

34.6 ± 5.8

30.9 ± 6.1

< 0.001

34.5 ± 6.2

0.303

 < 30.0

263 (26.1)

140 (23.0)

49 (50.0)

< 0.001*

74 (24.7)

0.503

  1. ECOG-PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BSI, bloodstream infection; ICU, intensive care unit
  2. aP value for univariate analysis of the training cohort
  3. bP value for clinical characteristics analysis between the training cohort and validation cohort
  4. *Indicates statistical significance