Variables | Whole cohort (n = 1008) | Training cohort (n = 708) | Validation cohort (n = 300) | Pb | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survival (n = 610) | Death (n = 98) | Pa | ||||
Sex (male) | 563 (55.9) | 336 (55.1) | 63 (64.3) | 0.088 | 164 (54.7) | 0.621 |
Age (years old) | 61 (54–68) | 61 (54–69) | 64 (54–71) | 0.209 | 60 (53–67) | 0.015* |
 ≥ 61 | 533 (52.9) | 332 (54.4) | 60 (61.2) |  | 141 (47.0) |  |
 < 61 | 475 (47.1) | 278 (45.6) | 38 (38.8) |  | 159 (53.0) |  |
Tobacco use | 430 (42.7) | 261 (42.8) | 45 (45.9) | 0.561 | 124 (41.3) | 0.580 |
ECOG-PS |  |  |  | < 0.001* |  | 0.992 |
 0–2 | 951 (94.3) | 591 (96.9) | 77 (78.6) |  | 283 (94.3) |  |
 3–4 | 57 (5.7) | 19 (3.1) | 21 (21.4) |  | 17 (5.7) |  |
Underlying malignancy type | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Head and neck cancer | 34 (3.4) | 16 (2.6) | 8 (8.2) | 0.012* | 10 (3.3) | 0.964 |
 Lung cancer | 193 (19.1) | 106 (17.4) | 32 (32.7) | < 0.001* | 55 (18.3) | 0.669 |
 Upper gastrointestinal cancer | 285 (28.3) | 180 (29.5) | 23 (23.5) | 0.220 | 82 (27.3) | 0.666 |
 Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer | 52 (5.2) | 30 (4.9) | 7 (7.1) | 0.358 | 15 (5.0) | 0.882 |
 Breast cancer | 94 (9.3) | 67 (11.0) | 6 (6.1) | 0.142 | 21 (7.0) | 0.098 |
 Colon and rectal cancer | 91 (9.0) | 55 (9.0) | 9 (9.2) | 0.957 | 27 (9.0) | 0.984 |
 Genitourinary cancer | 48 (4.8) | 33 (5.4) | 3 (3.1) | 0.463 | 12 (4.0) | 0.460 |
 Gynecological cancer | 211 (20.9) | 123 (20.2) | 10 (10.2) | 0.019* | 78 (26.0) | 0.010* |
Stage of cancer | Â | Â | Â | 0.045* | Â | 0.729 |
 Stage I–II | 405 (40.2) | 252 (41.3) | 30 (30.6) |  | 123 (41.0) |  |
 Stage III–IV | 603 (59.8) | 358 (58.7) | 68 (69.4) |  | 177 (59.0) |  |
Comorbidities | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 COPD | 48 (4.8) | 23 (3.8) | 10 (10.2) | 0.011* | 15 (5.0) | 0.817 |
 Liver disease | 53 (5.3) | 29 (4.8) | 13 (13.3) | 0.001* | 11 (3.7) | 0.141 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 99 (9.8) | 50 (8.2) | 11 (11.2) | 0.321 | 38 (12.7) | 0.048* |
 Renal disease | 42 (4.2) | 22 (3.6) | 11 (11.2) | 0.002* | 9 (3.0) | 0.228 |
Source of infection | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Respiratory tract | 376 (37.3) | 227 (37.2) | 46 (46.9) | 0.066 | 103 (34.3) | 0.205 |
 Gastrointestinal | 36 (3.6) | 16 (2.6) | 7 (7.1) | 0.019* | 13 (4.3) | 0.396 |
 Urinary tract | 250 (24.8) | 159 (26.1) | 13 (13.3) | 0.006* | 78 (26.0) | 0.566 |
 Skin and soft tissue | 98 (9.7) | 69 (11.3) | 2 (2.0) | 0.005* | 27 (9.0) | 0.614 |
 Thoracic cavity | 59 (5.9) | 35 (5.7) | 2 (2.0) | 0.127 | 22 (7.3) | 0.193 |
 Abdominal cavity | 59 (5.9) | 36 (5.9) | 5 (5.1) | 0.753 | 18 (6.0) | 0.897 |
 BSI | 130 (12.9) | 68 (11.1) | 23 (23.5) | 0.001* | 39 (13.0) | 0.949 |
Existence of fever | 403 (40.0) | 229 (37.5) | 54 (55.1) | 0.001* | 120 (40.0) | 0.993 |
Previous surgery (within 1 month) |  |  |  | < 0.001* |  | 0.299 |
 None | 668 (66.3) | 387 (63.4) | 87 (88.8) |  | 194 (64.7) |  |
 Curative surgery | 314 (31.2) | 205 (33.6) | 8 (8.2) |  | 101 (33.7) |  |
 Palliative surgery | 26 (2.6) | 18 (3.0) | 3 (3.1) |  | 5 (1.7) |  |
Previous chemotherapy (within 1Â month) | Â | Â | Â | 0.245 | Â | 0.950 |
 None | 625 (62.0) | 371 (60.8) | 70 (71.4) |  | 184 (61.3) |  |
 Neoadjuvant | 12 (1.2) | 8 (1.3) | 1 (1.0) |  | 3 (1.0) |  |
 Adjuvant | 198 (19.6) | 126 (20.7) | 14 (14.3) |  | 58 (19.3) |  |
 1st line | 114 (11.3) | 71 (11.6) | 6 (6.1) |  | 37 (12.3) |  |
 2nd line | 42 (4.2) | 23 (3.8) | 5 (5.1) |  | 14 (4.7) |  |
 ≥ 3rd line | 17 (1.7) | 11 (1.8) | 2 (2.0) |  | 4 (1.3) |  |
Previous radiotherapy (within 1Â month) | 142 (14.1) | 89 (14.6) | 9 (9.2) | 0.150 | 44 (14.7) | 0.731 |
Empirical antibiotic treatment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor | 161 (16.0) | 92 (15.1) | 11 (11.2) | 0.315 | 58 (19.3) | 0.058 |
 Third-generation cephalosporins | 133 (13.2) | 80 (13.1) | 10 (10.2) | 0.422 | 43 (14.3) | 0.487 |
 Carbapenems | 24 (2.4) | 12 (2.0) | 1 (1.0) | 0.808 | 11 (3.7) | 0.081 |
 Fluoroquinolones | 117 (11.6) | 71 (11.6) | 9 (9.2) | 0.476 | 37 (12.3) | 0.639 |
 Aminoglycosides | 8 (0.8) | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 5 (1.7) | 0.100 |
 Combination therapy | 405 (40.2) | 250 (41.0) | 55 (56.1) | 0.005* | 100 (33.3) | 0.004* |
Length of antimicrobial therapy (day) | 7 (4–11) | 7 (4–11) | 6 (3–10) | 0.016* | 7 (4–10) | 0.546 |
 ≥ 7 | 563 (56.4) | 359 (50.7) | 45 (6.4) |  | 165 (55.0) |  |
 < 7 | 439 (43.6) | 251 (35.5) | 53 (7.5) |  | 135 (45.0) |  |
Presence of indwelling catheters | 564 (56.0) | 350 (57.4) | 45 (45.9) | 0.034* | 169 (56.3) | 0.874 |
ICU admission | 99 (9.8) | 68 (11.1) | 13 (13.3) | 0.541 | 18 (6.0) | 0.008* |
Mechanical ventilation | 66 (6.5) | 35 (5.7) | 14 (14.3) | 0.002* | 17 (5.7) | 0.462 |
Septic shock | 124 (12.3) | 58 (9.5) | 37 (37.8) | < 0.001* | 29 (9.7) | 0.097 |
Laboratory examination results | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hemoglobin (g/L; normal range 115–150) | 108.2 ± 20.1 | 108.9 ± 19.5 | 103.4 ± 22.3 | 0.010 | 108.3 ± 20.56 | 0.921 |
 < 110 | 536 (53.2) | 325 (53.3) | 61 (62.2) | 0.098 | 150 (50.0) | 0.189 |
 Platelet count (× 109/L; normal range 125–350) | 211.1 ± 113.4 | 217.8 ± 117.8 | 172.9 ± 113.7 | < 0.001 | 210.1 ± 101.6 | 0.852 |
 < 100.0 | 131 (13.0) | 67 (11.0) | 25 (25.5) | < 0.001* | 39 (13.0) | 0.998 |
 White-cell count (× 109/L; normal range 4.0–10.0) | 8.1 ± 5.1 | 8.2 ± 5.1 | 9.1 ± 6.8 | 0.257 | 7.6 ± 4.2 | 0.021* |
 > 10.0 | 265 (26.3) | 168 (27.5) | 34 (34.7) | 0.146 | 63 (21.0) | 0.013* |
 < 4.0 | 161 (16.0) | 93 (15.2) | 20 (20.4) | 0.195 | 48 (16.0) | 0.987 |
 Neutrophils count (× 109/L) | 6.6 ± 4.8 | 6.6 ± 4.9 | 7.7 ± 6.4 | 0.107 | 6.1 ± 4.0 | 0.026* |
 Lymphocytes count (× 109/L; normal range 1.1–3.2) | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.009 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.800 |
 < 1.0 | 583 (57.8) | 352 (57.7) | 71 (72.4) | 0.006* | 160 (53.3) | 0.059 |
 Albumin (g/L; normal range 40–55) | 34.2 ± 6.1 | 34.6 ± 5.8 | 30.9 ± 6.1 | < 0.001 | 34.5 ± 6.2 | 0.303 |
 < 30.0 | 263 (26.1) | 140 (23.0) | 49 (50.0) | < 0.001* | 74 (24.7) | 0.503 |