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Table 1 Economic impact analysis inappropriate use situation 1: variables, values, sources, and calculations (2020, rounded)

From: Exploring the economic impact of inappropriate antibiotic use: the case of upper respiratory tract infections in Ghana

 

Variable

Value

Code

Source

URIs

URI incidence (M) in population Ghana (31 M)

61*

A

GBD study and population Ghana [19, 22]

 

% of URIs for which care was sought at CDROs

65%

B

Online expert opinion survey (see Additional file 2)

 

Number of URIs for which care was sought at CDROs (M). Calculation: C = A × B

40

C

 
 

% of URIs for which care was sought that were treated with antibiotics, against recommendations from clinical guidelines

49%

D

Online expert opinion survey (see Additional file 2) and literature [6, 23,24,25]

 

Inappropriate use situation 1, number of occurrences (M). Calculation: E = C × D

19

E

 

Antibiotics

Weighted average unit price per antibiotic (USD)

Based on set of most commonly provided antibiotics for URI symptoms§, in their most common formulation (capsule or tablet) and dose

0.05

F

Customer exit-interviews (ABACUS I database, 2018) and NHIS Medicines List [26]

 

Weighted average number of antibiotics provided for a full course

18

G

Customer exit-interviews (ABACUS I database, 2018)

Income

Average income, per day (USD)

13*

H

Labour Force Report 2015, Ghana Statistical Service [27]

 

Average income, per minute (USD)

0.03*

I

Labour Force Report 2015, Ghana Statistical Service [27]

Travel

Average round-trip travel costs to reach pharmacy to seek care for URI (USD)

0.9*

J

Household surveys (ABACUS I database, 2018)

 

Average round-trip travel time to reach pharmacy to seek care for URI (minutes)

42

K

Household surveys (ABACUS I database, 2018)

 

Variable

Code

Calculation

Annual costs

Health care costs

HCC

 = E × F × G

 

Travel costs

TC

 = E × J

 

Lost income due to travel

LIT

 = E × I × K

 

Cumulative costs

CC

 = HCC + TC + LIT

 

Cumulative costs per capita

CCPC

 = CC ÷ population Ghana [19]

  1. URI, upper respiratory tract infection; M, million; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; CDROs, community drug retail outlets; ABACUS, AntiBiotic ACcess and USe; NHIS, National Health Insurance Scheme (Ghana)
  2. *Original value not from base year 2020, adjusted to 2020 using inflation rates and demographic projections[17,18,19]
  3. §Amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, flucloxacillin, and phenoxymethylpenicillin