Table 2 Economic impact analysis inappropriate use situation 2: variables, values, sources, and calculations (2020, rounded)

URIs

URI incidence (M) in population Ghana (31 M)

61*

A

GBD study and population Ghana [19, 22]

% of URIs for which care was sought at CDROs

65%

B

Online expert opinion survey (see Additional file 2)

Number of URIs for which care was sought at CDROs (M). Calculation: C = A × B

40

C

% of URIs for which care was sought that should have been treated with antibiotics according to clinical guidelines, but were treated with a painkiller

21%

L

Online expert opinion survey (see Additional file 2)

Inappropriate use situation 2, number of occurrences (M). Calculation: M = C × L

8

M

Painkillers

Weighted average unit price per painkiller (USD)

Based on set of most commonly provided painkillers for this situation^§

0.01

N

ABACUS I literature and NHIS Medicines List [5, 26]

Average number of painkillers taken per day

3

O

Medical literature [28,29,30]

Average number of days the painkillers are taken

5

P

Customer exit-interviews (ABACUS I database, 2018)

Income

Average income, per day (USD)

13*

H

Labour Force Report 2015, Ghana Statistical Service [27]

Average income, per minute (USD)

0.03*

I

Labour Force Report 2015, Ghana Statistical Service [27]

Travel

Average round-trip travel costs to reach pharmacy to seek care for URI (USD)

0.9*

J

Household surveys (ABACUS I database, 2018)

Average round-trip travel time to reach pharmacy to seek care for URI (minutes)

42

K

Household surveys (ABACUS I database, 2018)

Annual costs

Health care costs

HCC

 = M × N × O × P

Travel costs

TC

 = M × J

Lost income due to travel

LIT

 = M × I × K

Cumulative costs

CC

 = HCC + TC + LIT

Cumulative costs per capita

CCPC

 = CC ÷ population Ghana [19]