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Table 2 Patients with microbiologically confirmed infections by microorganism, time from hospital admission and site of infection

From: Microbiologically confirmed infections and antibiotic-resistance in a national surveillance study of hospitalised patients who died with COVID-19, Italy 2020–2021

Microorganism detected

Patients (n, %) with infection at any time from hospital admission^

Patients (n, %) with infection within 48 h from admission (co-infection)

Patients (n, %) with infection after 48 h from admission (secondary infection)

BSI, LRTI, or both

BSI

LRTI

BSI, LRTI, or both

BSI

LRTI

BSI, LRTI, or both

BSI

LRTI

Acinetobacter baumannii

37 (23.5)

16 (10.2)

30 (19.1)

2 (1.3)

2 (1.3)

0

35 (22.3)

14 (8.9)

30 (19.1)

Enterobacterales

58 (36.9)

23 (14.6)

43 (27.4)

4 (2.5)

4 (2.5)

0

54 (34.4)

19 (12.1)

43 (27.4)

  Escherichia coli

12 (7.6)

6 (3.8)

6 (3.8)

3 (1.9)

3 (1.9)

0

9 (5.7)

3 (1.9)

6 (3.8)

  Klebsiella pneumoniae

30 (19.1)

13 (8.3)

24 (15.3)

1 (0.6)

1 (0.6)

0

29 (18.5)

12 (7.6)

24 (15.3)

  Other Enterobacterales°

23 (14.6)

4 (2.5)

19 (12.1)

0

0

0

23 (14.6)

4 (2.5)

19 (12.1)

Enterococcus spp.

43 (27.4)

36 (22.9)

9 (5.7)

2 (1.3)

2 (1.3)

0

41 (26.1)

34 (21.7)

9 (5.7)

  Enterococcus faecalis

27 (17.2)

22 (14.0)

6 (3.8)

2 (1.3)

2 (1.3)

0

25 (15.9)

20 (12.7)

6 (3.8)

  Enterococcus faecium

16 (10.2)

14 (8.9)

3 (1.9)

0

0

0

16 (10.2)

14 (8.9)

3 (1.9)

Legionella pneumophila*

1 (0.6)

0

1 (0.6)

0

0

0

1 (0.6)

0

1 (0.6)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

24 (15.3)

8 (5.1)

21 (13.4)

0

0

0

24 (15.3)

8 (5.1)

21 (13.4)

Staphylococcus aureus

33 (21.0)

13 (8.3)

21 (13.4)

7 (4.5)

3 (1.9)

4 (2.5)

26 (16.6)

10 (6.4)

17 (10.8)

Streptococcus pneumoniae**

16 (10.2)

1 (0.6)

15 (9.6)

10 (6.4)

0

10 (6.4)

6 (3.8)

1 (0.6)

5 (3.2)

Other bacteria@

16 (10.2)

4 (2.5)

12 (7.6)

0

0

0

16 (10.2)

4 (2.5)

12 (7.6)

Candida spp.

50 (31.8)

17 (10.8)

35 (22.3)

1 (0.6)

1 (0.6)

0

49 (31.2)

16 (10.2)

35 (22.3)

  Candida albicans

36 (22.9)

9 (5.7)

28 (17.8)

0

0

0

36 (22.9)

9 (5.7)

28 (17.8)

  Other Candida spp.†

17 (10.8)

7 (4.5)

10 (6.4)

1 (0.6)

1 (0.6)

0

16 (10.2)

6 (3.8)

10 (6.4)

Other fungi#

13 (8.3)

1 (0.6)

12 (7.6)

3 (1.9)

1 (0.6)

2 (1.3)

10 (6.4)

0

10 (6.4)

  1. BSI bloodstream infection, LRTI lower respiratory tract infection: infection detected by culture of bronchial/endotracheal aspirate or of bronchoalveolar lavage (107 patients) or by urinary antigen test (16 patients)
  2. ^9 patients had both co-infection and secondary infection
  3. °Other Enterobacterales (all secondary infections): 9 Klebsiella aerogenes (3 BSI, 6 LRTI); 1 Klebsiella ornithinolytica (bloodstream); 2 Klebsiella oxytoca (LRTI); 6 Serratia marcescens (LRTI); 3 Enterobacter cloacae (LRTI), 1 Providencia stuartii (LRTI); 1 Proteus mirabilis (LRTI)
  4. *Detected by urinary antigen test
  5. **15 Detected by urinary antigen test, 1 by blood culture
  6. @Other bacteria (all secondary infections): 7 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (LRTI); 1 Morganella morganii (LRTI); 2 Bacteroides fragilis (bloodstream); 1 Sphingomonas mucosissima (BSI); 1 Chrysobacterium meningiosepticum (LRTI); 1 Haemophilus influenzae (LRTI; 2 Burkholderia gladioli (1 BSI, 1 LRTI); 1 Branhamella catarrhalis (LRTI)
  7. †Other Candida spp.: 7 Candida glabrata (2 bloodstream, 1 co-infection and 1 secondary infection; 5 LRTI, all secondary infections); 7 Candida tropicalis (all secondary infections, 2 bloodstream, 5 LRTI); 3 Candida parapsilosis (all bloodstream secondary infections)
  8. #Other fungi: 10 Aspergillus spp. (2 co-infections, LRTI, 8 secondary infections, LRTI; 1 Cryptococcus (co-infection, bloodstream); 1 Pneumocystis (secondary infection, LRTI); 1 unspecified (secondary infection, LRTI)
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

ISSN: 2047-2994

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