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Table 1 Baseline characteristics by year and by COVID-19 status

From: Blood culture utilization and epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant bloodstream infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indonesian national referral hospital

Parameters

Year 2019

Year 2020

P values

Non-COVID-19 cases

COVID-19 cases*

P values

Total number of admissions

49,014

42,946

–

90,587

1,373

–

Total number of inpatients (de-duplicated)

31,903

28,325

–

58,917

1,311

–

Number of patient-days

308,926

274,322

–

571,707

11,541

–

Number of blood culture specimens received

8,155

9,664

–

17,286

533

–

Number of blood culture positive for any organism

1,589

2,025

–

3,513

101

–

Blood culture positivity rate

19.5%

20.9%

0.02

20.3%

18.9%

0.44

Number of blood culture positive for commensal bacteria**

438

570

–

977

32

–

Blood culture contamination rate**

5.4%

5.9%

0.13

5.7%

6.0%

0.73

Number of patients sampled for blood cultures (de-duplicated)

4,026

4,501

–

7,973

348

–

Prevalence of patients sampled for blood cultures among all inpatients

12.6%

15.9%

< 0.001

13.5%

26.5%

< 0.001

Average number of blood culture specimens sampled per admission

1.6

1.7

–

1.7

1.5

–

Total number of admissions that had at least two blood culture specimens sampled (%)

2,472 (5.0%)

2,889 (6.7%)

< 0.001

5,174 (5.7%)

187 (13.6%)

< 0.001

Median duration between the first and second blood culture specimen (days, IQR)***

5 (3–9)

5 (3–8)

0.52

5 (3–8)

4 (2–7)

0.57

Blood culture utilization rate (per 1,000 patient-days)

26.4

35.1

< 0.001

30.2

43.5

< 0.001

Blood culture utilization for community-origin BSI

Prevalence of blood culture specimens being collected within the first 2 calendar days of hospital admission

34.3% (2,801/8,155)

31.9% (3,087/9,664)

0.01

32.7% (5,650/17,286)

45.0% (240/533)

< 0.001

Number of patients tested for community-origin BSI (de-duplicated) ****

1,747

2,481

–

4,458

176

–

Blood culture utilization for hospital-origin BSI

Prevalence of blood culture specimens being collected after the first 2 calendar days of hospital admission

65.7% (5,354/8,155)

68.1% (6,577/9,664)

0.01

67.3% (11,636/17,286)

55.0% (293/533)

< 0.001

Number of patients tested for hospital-origin BSI (de-duplicated) ****

2,556

2,385

–

4,175`

176

–

  1. BSI Bloodstream infections
  2. *All COVID-19 cases were in 2020
  3. **Commensal bacteria included coagulase-negative Staphylococci, viridans group Streptococci, Propionibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium spp., and Bacillus spp.
  4. ***Among admissions that had at least two blood culture specimens sampled
  5. ****Patients tested for community-origin BSI were defined as patients with the first blood culture performed within the first two calendar days of admissions during the reporting period. Patients tested for hospital-origin BSI were defined as patients with the first blood culture performed after the first two calendar days of admissions during the reporting period
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

ISSN: 2047-2994

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