Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis: memorandum from the alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) Task Force, WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany

Kramer, Axel; Arvand, Mardjan; Christiansen, Bärbel; Dancer, Stephanie; Eggers, Maren; Exner, Martin; Müller, Dieter; Mutters, Nico T.; Schwebke, Ingeborg; Pittet, Didier

doi:10.1186/s13756-022-01134-7

Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

Table 2 Efficacy of solutions based on ethanol and 2-propanol from quantitative suspension tests against non-enveloped viruses (sufficient efficacy is defined for ≥ 4 log₁₀ reduction or up to test detection limit)

From: Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis: memorandum from the alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) Task Force, WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany

Species	Strain, type	Alcohol content/necessary exposure time		References
Species	Strain, type	Ethanol	2-propanol	References
Adenovirus	Type 3	77–83%^c/1 min	90%^b/5 min^d,e	[16, 25]
	Type 5	80^a/30 s		[17]
	Type 7	77–83%^c/1 min		[25]
	Type 8		70%^c/2 min^e	[26]
Coxsackievirus	A16	90%^c/5 min^d	90%/60 min^d,e	[16]
	B1	60%^b/10 min^d	95%^c/10 min^d,e	[27]
	B2	85%^c/30 s ^Ø	90%^c/1 h^e	[28]
	B3	90%^c/15 sec^f	90%^c/1 h^e
	B4	60%^c/100 s	90%^c/1 h^e
	B5	77–83%^b/1 min, 90%^b/10 s, 80%^b/30 s	90%/60 min^d,e	[16, 25]
Echovirus	Type 6	50%^c/10 min^d	90%^c/10 min^d	[27]
	Type 7	80%^c/1 min, 90%^c/30 s	90%/60 min^d,e	[16]
	Type 11	95%^b/20 s–1 min, 80%^b/90%^b/15 min^d	90^b%/15 min^d,e	[29,30,31]
	Type 12	70%^b/80%^b, 90%^b/15 min^d	90%^b/ 15 min^d,e	[30]
Feline Calicivirus	Strain F9 (ATCC VR-782)		50%^b/ 70%^b, 90^b/5 min^d,e	[32]
Human enterovirus	Type 70	70%, 80%, 90%^c/10 s	70%, 80%, 90%^b/60 min^d	[16]
Human enterovirus	Type 71	80%^b/1 min, 90%^b/30 s	90%^b/60 min^d,e	[16, 21]
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)	HM175/24a	80–95%^a/2 min		[33]
Murine Norovirus	Strain S99 Berlin	80%/30 s 72.4%^b (6 mL)/30 s, 86%^b (3 mL)/30 s, 89.5^b (3 mL)/15 resp. 30 s		[17, 20]
Murine Norovirus	Type 1	70–90%^b/ 30 s	70%^b/5min^d	[1]
Poliovirus	Type 1	73.5%^a/10 min^d, 80%^c/30 s, 80%^b/1 min, 90%^c/10 s, 90%^b/1 min, 95%^a/30 s	70%^b / 10 min^d,e 80%^b and 95%^b / 10 min^d,e 60–90%^b/15 min^d,e, 90%/60 min^d,e	[16, 20, 21, 27, 30, 34,35,36]
Polyomavirus	SV 40	78.2%^a/10 min^d,e		[37]
Polyomavirus	HPV16 pseudo-virus	60%, 70%^c/5 min^d	60%, 70%^c/5 min^d,e	[38]
Rhinovirus	Type 2	80%^c/3–60 min^d,e		[39]
Rotavirus	Wa	85%^a/30 s		[40]

^aw/w
^bv/v
^cUnclear whether w/w or v/v
^dThe exposure time is not feasible in practice
^eNon-active concentration contact time ratio
^f3log₁₀ reduction

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