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Table 6 Antibiotic resistance pattern in P. aeruginosa based on seasons

From: Assessment of antibiotic resistance changes during the Covid-19 pandemic in northeast of Iran during 2020–2022: an epidemiological study

Antibiotic

Season

Winter 2020

Spring 2020

Summer 2020

Fall 2020

Winter 2021

Spring 2021

Summer 2021

Fall 2021

Winter 2022

P value

CAZ

21 (95.4)

34 (85)

63 (86.3)

35 (100)

4 (66.6)

29 (93.5)

38 (82.6)

19 (76)

8 (61.5)

 < 0.001

GM

28 (93.3)

33 (86.4)

62 (82.6)

30 (83.3)

8 (40)

31 (72)

14 (32.5)

13 (50)

 < 0.001

PTZ

17 (89.4)

25 (65.7)

61 (80.2)

34 (94.4)

13 (61.9)

31(88.5)

6 (75)

19 (73)

9 (69.2)

 < 0.001

AK

18 (94.7)

27 (81.8)

59 (84.2)

30 (88.2)

11 (61.1)

34 (77.2)

36 (78.2)

18 (64.2)

5 (62.5)

 < 0.001

CPM

10 (90.9)

32 (96.9)

67 (88.1)

32 (91.4)

9 (56.2)

32 (91.4)

38 (88.3)

13 (68.4)

9 (75)

 < 0.001

CIP

0 (0)

9 (90)

2 (40)

0 (0)

1 (100)

 < 0.001

LEV

15 (93.7)

33 (91.6)

62 (84.9)

33 (94.2)

12 (66.6)

35 (89.7)

17 (73.9)

23 (82.1)

9 (81.8)

 < 0.001

IMI

26 (89.6)

31 (81.5)

67 (89.3)

34 (97.1)

16 (80)

32 (96.9)

42 (95.4)

29 (100)

12 (100)

 < 0.001

MEM

25 (89.2)

34 (85)

63 (82.8)

35 (97.2)

16 (84.2)

48 (100)

46 (97.8)

28 (96.5)

7 (100)

 < 0.001

  1. CAZ, Ceftazidime; GM, Gentamicin; PTZ, Piperacillin-Tazobactam; AK, Amikacin; CPM, Cefepime; CIP, Ciprofloxacin; LEV, Levofloxacin; IMI, Imipenem; MEM, Meropenem
  2. Variables were described as the frequency (%)
  3. *Samples for which antibiotic resistance testing has not been performed are marked with "–"