Table 2 Patient characteristics of MRSA carriers and determinants associated with initial treatment failure

Age, median

33.0

40

17

Age groups, n (%)

0–17

35

15 (42.9)

20 (57.1)

5.62 [2.31–13.65]

 < 0.001

5.85 [1.80–18.99]

 < 0.01

18–64

73

59 (80.8)

14 (19.2)

Reference

Reference

65 + 

19

16 (84.2)

3 (15.8)

0.84 [0.20–3.10]

0.74

0.96 [0.19–4.92]

0.96

Gender, n (%)

Male

Female

66

61

49 (74.2)

41 (67.2)

17 (25.8)

20 (32.8)

Reference

0.71 [0.31–1.64]

0.44

Healthcare worker (HCW), n (%)

No

Yes

112

15

78 (69.6)

12 (80.0)

33 (30.4)

3 (20.0)

Reference

0.58 [0.10–2.32]

0.55

Contact with livestock, n (%)

No

Yes/in the past

105

22

71 (67.6)

19 (86.4)

4 (32.4)

3 (13.6)

Reference

0.33 [0.06–1.24]

0.12

Pets

No

Yes

92

35

65 (70.7)

26 (74.3)

27 (29.3)

9 (25.7)

Reference

0.96 [0.36–2.43]

1

MRSA source, n (%)

Unknown ^a

22

18 (81.8)

4 (18.2)

Reference

Hospital-acquired

30

22 (73.3)

8 (26.7)

1.64 [0.42–6.33]

0.48

1.83 [0.34–9.76]

0.48

Livestock-associated

21

17 (81.0)

4 (19.0)

1.06 [0.31–4.92]

0.94

2.02 [0.34–12.01]

0.44

Community-acquired

33

25 (75.8)

8 (24.8)

1.44 [0.38–5.52]

0.60

1.98 [0.40–9.84]

0.40

Living in refugee centre

21

8 (38.1)

13 (61.9)

7.31 [1.81–29.54]

 < 0.01

8.43 [1.14–62.56]

0.04

Comorbidity, n (%) ^b

No

Yes

88

39

68 (77.3)

22 (56.4)

20 (22.7)

17 (43.6)

Reference

2.93 [1.13–7.69]

0.02

Reference

3.37 [1.24–9.15]

0.02

Chronic pulmonary disease

10

6 (60.0)

4 (40.0)

1.69 [0.33–7.66]

0.48

Skin disease

12

7 (58.3)

5 (41.7)

1.84 [0.43–7.32]

0.33

Renal disease ^c

7

3 (42.9)

4 (57.1)

3.48 [0.56–25.01]

0.19

Devices ^d

18

9 (50.0)

9 (50.0)

2.87 [0.91–9.08]

0.05

AB use in the past 3 months, n (%) ^e

No

99

71 (71.7)

28 (28.3)

Reference

0.81

Yes

28

19 (67.9)

9 (32.1)

1.20 [0.42–3.20]

Hospital admission in the Netherlands in the past year, n (%) ^e

No

101

73 (72.3)

28 (27.7)

Reference

0.48

Yes

26

17 (65.4)

9 (34.6)

1.38 [0.48–3.74]

Skin lesions, n (%)

No

84

58 (69.0)

26 (31.0)

Reference

0.68

Yes

43

32 (74.4)

11 (25.6)

0.77 [0.30–1.87]

Travel abroad in the past year, n (%) ^e,f

No

86

64 (74.4)

22 (25.6)

Reference

0.22

Yes

41

26 (65.0)

15 (36.6)

1.67 [0.69–4.00]

Type of MRSA carriage, n (%)

Uncomplicated carriage

7

5 (71.4)

2 (5.6)

Reference

Complicated carriage

91

64 (70.3)

27 (29.7)

1.05 [0.19–5.78]

0.95

Infection & Complicated carriage

29

21 (72.4)

8 (27.6)

0.95 [0.15–5.94]

0.96

Location of MRSA carriage, n (%)

Nasal carriage

70

52 (74.3)

18 (25.7)

0.69 [0.30–1.60]

0.43

Non-nasal carriage

57

38 (67.9)

19 (32.1)

1.44 [0.62–3.35]

0.43

Throat carriage

83

56 (67.5)

27 (32.5)

1.63 [0.66–4.27]

0.31

Perineal carriage

52

41 (78.8)

11 (21.2)

0.51 [0.20–1.22]

0.12

Other sites

34

26 (76.5)

8 (23.5)

0.68 [0.24–1.79]

0.51

MLST

ST398

31

25 (80.6)

6 (19.4)

Reference

ST1

5

4 (80.0)

1 (20.0)

1.04 [0.10–11.09]

0.97

ST8 and ST281 ^g

9

4 (44.4)

5 (55.6)

5.21 [1.06–25.50]

0.04

ST22

15

7 (46.7)

8 (53.3)

4.76 [1.23–18.37]

0.02

ST30

13

10 (76.9)

3 (23.1)

1.25 [0.26–6.00]

0.78

ST1933

8

5 (62.5)

3 (37.5)

2.50 [0.46–13.49]

0.29

Other or unknown

46

35 (76.1)

11 (23.9)

1.31 [0.43–4.01]

0.64

PVL positivity, n (%)

No

Yes

104

23

74 (71.2)

16 (69.6)

30 (28.8)

7 (28.8)

Reference

1.07 [0.34–3.12]

1

Side-effects of treatment

No

Yes

104

23

73 (70.2)

17 (73.9)

31 (29.8)

6 (26.1)

Reference

0.83 [0.245–2.48]

0.80

Household tested

Yes

No ^h

117

10

86 (73.5)

4 (40.0)

30 (26.5)

6 (60.0)

Reference

4.11 [0.91–21.16]

0.06

Reference

7.42 [1.36–40.41]

0.02

Size household

1–2

3–5

 > 5 and unknown ⁱ

44

57

26

36 (81.8)

40 (70.2)

14 (53.8)

8 (18.2)

17 (29.8)

12 (46.2)

Reference

1.91 [0.74–4.96]

3.86 [1.30–11.44]

0.18

0.01

0.85 [0.21–3.43]

0.53 [0.09–3.03]

0.82

0.47