From: Healthcare-associated infections in Dutch hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic
 | COVID-19 patient | Non-COVID-19 patient | p value |
---|---|---|---|
PPS module [n (%)] | n = 50 | n = 713 |  |
Age in years [median, (IQR)] | 71.7 (20.7) | 66.8 (30.0) | < 0.01 |
Sex [male (n (%))] | 32 (64.0) | 355 (49.8) | 0.05 |
Specialty [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Cardiology | 1 (2.0) | 81 (11.4) |  |
 Surgery | 1 (2.0) | 125 (17.5) |  |
 Internal medicine | 8 (16.0) | 110 (15.4) |  |
 Paediatrics | 0 (0.0) | 52 (7.3) |  |
 Respiratory medicine | 25 (50.0) | 53 (7.4) |  |
 Other | 15 (30.0) | 292 (41.0) |  |
McCabe [n (%)] | 0.93 | ||
 Non-fatal (> 5 year) | 44 (88.0) | 620 (87.0) |  |
 Ultimately fatal (1–5 year) | 5 (10.0) | 74 (10.4) |  |
 Rapidly fatal (< 1 year) | 1 (2.0) | 13 (1.8) |  |
 Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.8) |  |
ICU [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Yes | 13 (26.0) | 31 (4.4) |  |
 No | 37 (74.0) | 682 (95.6) |  |
Medical devices [n (%)]a | |||
 Urethral catheter | 10 (20.0) | 147 (20.6) | 0.36 |
 Peripheral catheter | 39 (78.0) | 456 (64.0) | 0.04 |
 Mechanical ventilation | 5 (10.0) | 8 (1.2) | < 0.01 |
 Central venous catheter | 5 (10.0) | 47 (6.6) | 0.35 |
Antibiotics [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Yes | 32 (64.0) | 266 (37.3) |  |
 No | 18 (36.0) | 447 (62.7) |  |
HAIs [% (95%-CI)] | 12 (5.6–23.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | < 0.01 |
CRBSI module [n (%)] | n = 367 | n = 708 |  |
Age in years [median (IQR)] | 66.2 (57.0–71.8) | 69.3 (58.3–75.1) | < 0.01 |
Sex [male (n (%))] | 288 (78.5) | 435 (61.4) | < 0.01 |
Number of CVCs per patient [median (IQR)] | 1.8 (1–2) | 1.3 (1–1) | < 0.01 |
CVC days [median (IQR)] | 7 (5–10) | 6 (4–9) | < 0.01 |
ICU [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Yes | 350 (95.4) | 518 (73.2) |  |
 No | 17 (4.6) | 190 (26.8) |  |
Length of ICU stay in days [median (IQR)] | 18 (8–33) | 4 (2–11) | < 0.01 |
CVC use [n (%)]b | |||
 Total parenteral nutrition | 37 (5.6) | 200 (21.9) | < 0.01 |
 Antibiotics | 454 (69.3) | 523 (57.2) | < 0.01 |
 Dialysis | 92 (14.0) | 130 (14.2) | 0.94 |
 Hemodynamic monitoring | 319 (48.7) | 441 (48.2) | 0.88 |
 Other | 98 (15.0) | 144 (15.8) | 0.72 |
CRBSI per 1000 CVC days (95%-CI) | 8.1 (5.9–10.8) | 3.4 (2.2–5.0) | < 0.01 |