Antibiotic use in township hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Shandong, China

Table 3 The segmented regression time series analysis of the antibiotic consumption in PHSs

Outcome indicators	Immediate effect				Long-term effect
Outcome indicators	Coef.	95% CI		P	Coef.	95% CI		P
J01 Antibacterials for systemic use (ten thousand DDDs)	− 2.712	− 46.327	50.671	0.045*	0.205	− 3.150	2.740	0.005**
J01C Beta-lactam antibacterials, Penicillins (ten thousand DDDs)	− 0.850	− 31.172	32.872	0.918	0.117	− 1.724	1.489	0.031*
J01D Cephalosporins, Other Beta-lactam antibacterials (ten thousand DDDs)	− 0.405	− 12.792	13.601	0.020*	0.025	− 0.912	0.863	0.133
J01F Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (ten thousand DDDs)	− 0.740	− 1.416	2.897	< 0.001**	0.012	− 0.516	0.491	< 0.001**
J01G Aminoglycoside antibacterials (ten thousand DDDs)	− 0.114	− 0.705	0.932	0.005**	− 0.002	− 0.104	0.109	0.000**
J01M Quinolone antibacterials (ten thousand DDDs)	− 0.083	− 8.613	8.778	0.026*	0.033	− 0.719	0.653	0.844
J01X Other antibiotics in J01 (ten thousand DDDs)	− 0.001	− 3.550	3.552	0.632	0.023	− 0.965	0.918	0.927
Access category antibiotics (ten thousand DDDs)	− 0.970	− 29.687	31.627	0.931	0.136	− 1.976	1.704	0.018*
Watch category antibiotics (ten thousand DDDs)	− 1.222	− 18.900	21.345	< 0.001**	0.073	− 1.317	1.171	< 0.001**

DDDs defined daily doses, Coef. non-standardized coefficient, CI confidence interval
^*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01

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