Table 4 The rates of antimicrobial resistance to selected antibiotics in HAIs-causing pathogens in intensive care units

Carbapenem resistance, %

Acinetobacter baumannii

92 (78–96)

89 (75–100)

94 (91–100)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

59 (30–83)

66 (0–71)

62 (0–100)

Klebsiella pneumoniae

58 (35–71)

64 (46–100)

39 (10–70)

Escherichia coli

10 (3–21)

26 (0–35)

6 (0–8)

Colistin resistance, %

Acinetobacter baumannii

7 (0–11)

11 (0–50)

3 (0–5)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

6 (1–10)

8 (0–33)

6 (0–13)

Klebsiella pneumoniae

26 (8–38)

11 (0–73)

36 (3–67)

Escherichia coli

4 (0–9)

0

0

ESBL positive, %

Klebsiella pneumoniae

57 (42–71)

75 (47–100)

57 (37–85)

Escherichia coli

52 (43–71)

59 (0–100)

34 (0–50)

Oxacillin resistance, %

Staphylococcus aureus

43 (22–71)

44 (0–48)

37 (0–50)

Coagulase-negative staphylococci

71 (31–79)

63 (0–100)

72 (0–88)

Teicoplanin resistance, %

Staphylococcus aureus

3 (0–13)

5 (0–8)

1 (0–3)

Coagulase-negative staphylococci

9 (0–55)

15 (0–29)

6,3 (0–25)

Enterococcus faecium

19 (3–39)

33 (17–100)

38 (17–100)

Enterococcus faecalis

3 (0–6)

0

4 (0–11)

Vancomycin resistance, %

Staphylococcus aureus

2 (0–5)

0

0

Coagulase-negative staphylococci

2 (0–55)

0

0

Enterococcus faecium

14 (0–22)

33 (17–100)

43 (0–100)

Enterococcus faecalis

2 (0–6)

0

2 (0–6)

Ampicillin resistance, %

Enterococcus faecium

83 (15–94)

100 (100)

81 (67–100)

Enterococcus faecalis

14 (0–27)

13 (0–15)

10 (0–22)

Fluconazole resistance, %

Candida albicans

10 (0–55)

2 (0–13)

0

Non-albicans Candida

16 (11–28)

10 (0–20)

16 (0–28)