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Table 1 Characteristics ofpatients admitted to the ICU with COVID-19 in 2020

From: Incremental costs of hospital-acquired infections in COVID-19 patients in an adult intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital from a low-resource setting

Variable

All patients

(n = 214)

no HAI

(n = 158)

HAI

(n = 56)

p

Age, years

63.2 ± 14.7

63.3 ± 15.3

62.8 ± 13.3

0.836

Biological sex, male

158 (73.8)

113 (71.5)

45 (80.4)

0.196

GCS on admission

12.1 ± 2.8

12.4 ± 2.6

11.5 ± 3.3

0.056

Transferred from another care facility

133 (62.1)

88 (55.7)

45 (80.4)

0.001

LOS prior to ICU admission (days)

2.0 (0–30)

2.0 (0–25)

4.0 (0–30)

0.002

Charlson Comorbidity Index

3.37 ± 2.24

3.41 ± 2.33

3.27 ± 2.02

0.682

Myocardial Infarction

20 (8.9)

15 (9.5)

5 (8.9)

0.901

Congestive Heart Failure

26 (11.6)

23 (14.6)

3 (5.4)

0.070

Peripheral Vascular Disease

3 (1.4)

3 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0.299

CVI or TIA

11 (4.9)

8 (5.1)

3 (5.4)

0.932

Dementia

10 (4.5)

9 (5.7)

1 (1.8)

0.234

COPD

23 (10.3)

16 (10.1)

7 (12.5)

0.622

Connective Tissue disease

11 (4.9)

9 (5.7)

2 (3.6)

0.536

Peptic Ulcer Disease

5 (2.2)

5 (3.2)

0 (0.0)

0.178

Liver Disease

5 (2.2)

5 (3.2)

0 (0.0)

0.178

Diabetes Mellitus

72 (33.1)

53 (33.5)

19 (33.9)

0.958

With end-organ damage

3 (4.2)

   

Hemiplegia

7 (3.1)

6 (3.8)

1 (1.8)

0.467

Moderate/Severe CKD

6 (2.7)

2 (1.3)

4 (7.1)

0.022

Solid Tumor

13 (5.8)

9 (5.7)

4 (7.1)

0.697

Leukemia

4 (1.8)

3 (1.9)

1 (1.8)

0.957

Lymphoma

4 (1.8)

2 (1.3)

2 (3.6)

0.274

HIV infection

7 (3.1)

6 (3.8)

1 (1.8)

0.467

Invasive Device use

    

Urinary Catheter

124 (57.1)

70 (44.3)

54 (96.4)

< 0.001

Central Venous Catheter

61 (28.5)

20 (12.7)

41 (73.2)

< 0.001

Mechanical Ventilation > 48 h

124 (57.1)

68 (43.0)

56 (100.0)

< 0.001

Nasogastric Tube

29 (13.5)

11 (7.0)

18 (32.1)

< 0.001

Previous antibiotic use

164 (77.0)

109 (68.9)

55 (98.2)

0.009

  1. HAI - hospital-acquired infection; GCS - Glasgow Coma Scale LOS - length of stay; CCI - Charlson Comorbidity Index; CVA - cerebrovascular insult; TIA - transient ischaemic attack; COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD - chronic kidney disease; HIV - human immunodeficiency virus;