Variable* | Positive N | Negative N | Univariate analysis odds Ratio (95%CI) | p value | Multivariate analysis odds Ratio (95%CI) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sex (female) | 20 (47.6Â %) | 77 (39.9Â %) | 1.4 (0.7-2.7) | 0.36 | Â | Â |
Age | 53 (±16.6) | 55.4 (±19.6) | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | 0.46 |  |  |
Swiss residents | 37 (88.1Â %) | 178 (92.2Â %) | 0.6 (0.2-1.8) | 0.37 | Â | Â |
Inpatient hospitalization in Bern | 36 (85.7Â %) | 170 (88.1Â %) | 0.8 (0.3-2.1) | 0.67 | Â | Â |
 • Intensive care unit | 10 (23.8 %) | 29 (15.0 %) | 1.8 (0.8-3.98) | 0.17 |  |  |
 • surgical wards | 13 (31.0 %) | 74 (38.3 %) | 0.7 (0.4-1.5) | 0.37 |  |  |
 • medical wards | 13 (31.0 %) | 67 (34.7 %) | 0.8 (0.4-1.7) | 0.64 |  |  |
Number of swabs/samples | 4 (3-10) | 3 (3-9) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | 0.03 | Â | Â |
Risk factors on admission: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Medical device | 13 (31.0Â %) | 41 (21.2Â %) | 1.7 (0.8-3.5) | 0.18 | Â | Â |
 • urinary catheter | 10 (23.8 %) | 36 (18.7 %) | 1.4 (6.1-3.02) | 0.45 |  |  |
 • intubation/ tracheostomy | 6 (14.3 %) | 11 (5.7 %) | 2.8 (0.96-7.9) | 0.09 |  |  |
 • wound drain | 3 (7.1 %) | 4 (2.1 %) | 3.6 (0.8-16.9) | 0.11 |  |  |
Skin lesion | 17 (40.5Â %) | 34 (17.6Â %) | 3.2 (1.5-6.5) | 0.001 | 1.9 (0.7-4.7) | 0.18 |
Number of risk factors | 0 (0-3) | 0 (0-3) | 2.02 (1.4-2.97) | 0.0006 | Â | Â |
Antibiotic treatment | 17 (40.5Â %) | 43 (22.3Â %) | 2.4 (1.2-4.8) | 0.014 | 1.3 (0.5-3.3) | 0.54 |
 • number of antibiotics | 0 (0-3) | 0 (0-3) | 1.7 (1.2-2.6) | 0.008 |  |  |
 • antibiotic days up to admission | 8.5 (±11.7) | 5.8 (±6.4) | 1.03 (0.96-1.1) | 0.31 |  |  |
Active infection | 15 (37.5Â %) | 29 (15.9Â %) | 3.2 (1.5-6.8) | 0.002 | 2.7 (1.07-6.6) | 0.035 |
Surgical procedure abroad | 15 35.7Â % | 33 17.1Â % | 2.7 (1.3-5.6) | 0.007 | 1.5 (0.6-3.8) | 0.39 |
Direct transfer | 24 (57.1Â %) | 123 (63.7Â %) | 0.8 (0.4-1.5) | 0.42 | Â | Â |
Indirect transfer, days between last exposure abroad until admission | 22 (±24.6) | 21 (±28.9) | 1.0 (0.98-1.02) | 0.92 |  |  |
Individual transportation | 13 (31.0Â %) | 55 (28.5Â %) | 1.1 (0.5-2.3) | 0.75 | Â | Â |
Europe | 18 (42.9Â %) | 142 (73.6Â %) | 0.3 (0.1-0.5) | <0.001 | Â | Â |
 • Switzerland | 2 (4.8 %) | 13 (6.7 %) | 0.7 (0.2-3.2) | 1 |  |  |
 • Spain | 4 (9.5 %) | 25 (13.0 %) | 0.7 (0.2-2.2) | 0.54 |  |  |
 • Italy | 2 (4.8 %) | 27 (14.0 %) | 0.3 (0.1-1.4) | 0.099 |  |  |
 • France | 4 (9.5 %) | 15 (7.8 %) | 1.2 (0.4-3.97) | 0.754 |  |  |
Outside Europe | 24 (57.1Â %) | 51 (26.4Â %) | 3.7 (1.9-7.4) | <0.001 | 3.2 (1.5-6.8) | 0.002 |
 • Asia | 14 (33.3 %) | 25 (13.0 %) | 3.4 (1.6-7.2) | 0.001 |  |  |
o south/southeast Asia | 9 (21.4Â %) | 11 (5.7Â %) | 4.5 (1.7-11.7) | 0.003 | Â | Â |
 • Africa | 6 (14.3 %) | 11 (5.7 %) | 2.8 (0.96-7.9) | 0.09 |  |  |
 • America (North, South) | 3 (7.1 %) | 13 (6.7 %) | 1.1 (0.3-3.9) | 1 |  |  |