Table 1 Changes in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales control strategy during the entire study period (2017–2020)

General ward Admission screening

None

Colonization/infection with CPE within 6 months prior to admission

Colonization/infection with CPE within 6 months prior to admission

Previous admission to outside healthcare facility¹ within the past 1 month

Previous admission to any healthcare facility¹ within the past 6 months

Transfer from long-term care facilities or acute care hospitals

Transfer from long-term care facilities, acute care hospitals, rehabilitation centers or nursing homes

Receipt of hemodialysis

ICU Admission screening

None

Universal screening for all patients admitted to ICU

Universal screening for all patients admitted to ICU

ICU Periodic screening

None

None

Weekly screening during the ICU stay

Screening method

None

Two consecutive rectal swab cultures on chromogenic agar with a 24-hour interval, followed by Xpert Carba R assay if cultures are positive

Xpert Carba R assay, followed by two consecutive rectal swab cultures on ChromID CARBA agar with a 24-hour interval

Patient Isolation²

Patient isolation once clinical cultures reported as positive

Patient isolation once cultures reported as positive

Patient isolation once Xpert Carba R assay reported as positive until the following two rectal swab cultures reported negative.

Isolation continued if cultures reported as positive

Patient De-isolation

De-isolation when 3 consecutive cultures with 1 week interval reported negative

De-isolation when 3 consecutive cultures with 1 week interval reported negative

De-isolation when 3 consecutive cultures with 1 week interval reported negative and at least 6 months have elapsed since the first negative conversion