Table 1 Summary of the studies on VRE carried out in Dutch hospitals (1991–2021)
Study | Design | Year | Setting | Patient population | Sample site | Clinical relevance | Species | Sample size | Outcome | Resistance gene (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outbreak Reports | ||||||||||
Timmers et al. [34] | Outbreak report | 1999 | 1 university hospital | Hematology ward | Anal, BSI | Infection, colonization | E. faecium | 287 isolates | VRE isolates: 76 patients: 24 (2 infections) prevalence: 26.4% | vanA (100%) |
Van der Steen et al. [35] | Outbreak report | 2000 | 1 non-university hospital | Nephrology ward | Rectal, fecal, urine | Colonization | E. faecium | 91 patients | Patients:8 prevalence: 19.8% | ND |
Mascini et al. [36] | Outbreak report | 2000–2003 | 1 university hospital | ICU, wards | Rectal | Colonization | E. faecium | 183 patients | Patients:27 prevalence: 14.8% | ND |
Frakking et al. [37] | Outbreak report | 2012–2014 | 1 teaching hospital | ICU, wards | Rectal, BSI | Infection, colonization | E. faecium | ND | Patients: 242 (22 infections) prevalence: 4.3% | vanA (76%), vanB (13%) |
Zhou et al. [39] | Outbreak report | 2014 | 1 university hospital | Wards | Rectal, fecal, sputum, bile | Colonization | E. faecium | ND | VRE isolates: 36 patients: 34 | vanB (94%), vanA + vanB (4%) |
Weterings et al. [38] | Outbreak report | 2014–2017 | 1 general hospital | ND | Rectal | Colonization | E. faecium | 158 patients | Patients: 13 prevalence: 8% | ND |
Lisotto et al. [40] | Outbreak report | 2014, 2017 | 1 university hospital | Wards | Rectal, fecal, bile, pus, BSI | Infection, colonization | E. faecium | ND | VRE isolates: 39 (3 infections) | vanB (100%) |
Gast et al. [41] | Outbreak report | 2018 | 1 teaching hospital | ICU, oncology ward | Rectal, urine | Colonization | E. faecium | ND | Patients: 19 | vanB (100%) |
Studies reporting on the prevalence of VRE colonization | ||||||||||
Guiot et al. [49] | Cross-sectional | 1991 | 1 university hospital | Hematology ward | Fecal | Colonization | E. faecium, E. faecalis | 70 patients | Patients: 9 prevalence: 12.9% | ND |
Van den Braak et al. [50] | Cross-sectional | 1995–1998 | 5 university, 4 regional teaching hospitals | ICU, hematology-oncology ward | Rectal, fecal | Colonization | E. faecium, E. faecalis | 1112 patients | Patients: 15 (E faecium, 11, E. faecalis, 4) prevalence: 1.3% | ND |
Nys et al. [48] | Cohort | 1999–2002 | 3 university hospital | Surgical wards | Fecal | Colonization | E. faecalis | 261 patients | Patients: 3 prevalence: 1.1% | ND |
Studies reporting the frequency of VRE among all clinical and screening cultures | ||||||||||
Aardema et al. [69] | Cross-sectional | 2009–2010 | 1 university hospital | ICU | ND | Infection, colonization | ND | 962 patients | Patients: 3 prevalence: 0.3% | ND |