Table 1 Most frequently associated biofilms with medical device/implant infection and their most common causative organisms

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)

Escherichia coli most common including resistant strains, Enterobacter cloacae heavy biofilm producer, Klebsiella pneumoniae

[111, 112]

Central line-associated bloodstream infection

Gram-positive organisms (coagulase negative Staphylococci, Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus), Candida albicans

[113]

Surgical site infection (SSI)

S. aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Enterococcus, E. coli

[5]