Table 2 Univariate analysis of Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors associated with VRE nosocomial rectal colonization

Intrinsic

Hematological status:

 Bone marrow transplant

23 (13.9)

16 (19.3)

7 (8.4)

0.043

2.59 (1.00-6.68)

0.049

 Febrile neutropenia

109 (65.7)

62 (74.7)

47 (56.6)

0.014

2.26 (1.17–4.36)

0.015

Comorbidities:

 Dementia

6 (3.6)

4 (4.8)

2 (2.4)

0.406

2.05 (0.36–11.51)

0.415

 Hypertension

76(45.8)

42 (50.6)

34 (41)

0.213

1.47 (0.79–2.72)

0.213

 Congestive Heart Failure

34 (20.5)

14 (16.9)

20 (24.1)

0.249

0.63 (0.29–1.37)

0.251

 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

11 (6.6)

1 (1.2)

10 (12)

0.005

0.08 (0.01–0.71)

0.023

 Peptic ulcer disease

16 (9.6)

12 (14.5)

4 (4.8)

0.035

3.33 (1.02–10.82)

0.045

 Liver disease

40 (24.1)

22 (26.5)

18 (21.7)

0.468

1.37 (0.66–2.84)

0.384

 Diabetes Mellitus

25 (15.1)

12 (14.5)

13 (15.7)

0.828

0.91 (0.38–2.13)

0.828

 Chronic Kidney Disease

10 (6.0)

4 (4.8)

6 (7.2)

0.514

0.80 (0.42–1.54)

0.517

 Peripheral Vascular Disease

64 (40.4)

34 (41)

30 (36)

0.874

1.05 (0.56–1.95)

0.874

 Solid Tumor

19 (11.4)

6 (7.2)

13 (15.7)

0.088

0.64 (0.38–1.07)

0.095

 Solid transplant

4 (2.4)

2 (2.4)

2 (2.4)

1.000

1.0 (0.13–7.27)

1.000

Other predisposing factors to colonization

 Cachexia or weight loss

26 (15.7)

18 (21.7)

8 (9.6)

0.033

2.59 (1.05–6.36)

0.037

 Reduced mobility

41 (24.7)

27 (32.5)

14 (16.9)

0.019

2.37 (1.13–4.95)

0.021

 Altered bowel habits

93 (56.0)

59 (71.1)

34 (41)

< 0.001

3.54 (1.85–6.75)

< 0.001

Colonization status:

MDR pathogens:

37 (22.3)

18 (21.7)

19 (22.9)

0.852

 XDR P. aeruginosa

9 (5.4)

4 (4.8)

5 (6)

0.775

0.78 (0.20–3.05)

0.732

E. coli ESBL+

6 (3.6)

4 (4.8)

2 (2.4)

1.47 (0.24–9.11)

0.673

 CPE

3 (1.8)

1 (1.2)

2 (2.4)

1.97 (0-17-22.23)

0.582

 CRAB

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

1 (empty)

 MRSA

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

1 (empty)

Extrinsic

Presence of an invasive device/intervention:

 Pacemaker

3 (1.8)

1 (1.2)

2 (2.4)

0.560

0.49 (0.04–5.55)

0.568

 Prosthesis/stent

13 (7.8)

3 (3.6)

10 (12)

0.043

0.27 (0.07–1.03)

0.056

 Central venous catheter

138 (83.1)

78 (94)

60 (72.3)

< 0.001

5.97 (2.14–16.65)

0.001

 Tracheostomy

5 (3.0)

3 (3.6)

2 (2.4)

0.650

1.51 (0.24–9.33)

0.652

 Urinary catheter

66 (39.8)

38 (45.8)

28 (33.7)

0.113

1.65 (0.88–3.10)

0.114

 Non-abdominal surgery (\(\le\)6 months)

21 (12.7)

14 (16.9)

7 (8.4)

0.102

2.20 (0.84–5.77)

0.108

 Surgical wounds/ pressure ulcers

48 (28.9)

34 (41.0)

14 (16.9)

0.001

3.41 (1.66–7.04)

0.001

 Abdominal surgery (\(\le\)6 months)

84 (50.6)

44 (53.0)

40 (48.2)

0.535

1.21 (0.65–2.23)

0.535