Selected knowledge questions | Facility A (N = 22)¥ | Facility B (N = 24)¥ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline n (%) | Follow-up n (%) | p-value | Baseline n (%) | Follow-up n (%) | p-value | ||
CC1 | |||||||
There must be at least one trained and dedicated IPC focal person for a minimum of how many beds in the facility? | “at least one professional per 250 beds” | 3 (13.6%)* | 21 (95.5%) | < 0.001 | 10/23 (43.5%)* | 19 (79.2%) | 0.001 |
CC2 | |||||||
It is essential to monitor the implementation of the IPC guidelines. | “True, regular monitoring of IPC guidelines should be established” | 21 (95.5%) | 21 (95.5%) | 1.000 | 24 (100%) | 24 (100%) | - |
CC3 | |||||||
At a minimum, how often should the effectiveness of IPC training be evaluated? | “Establish regular, at least annual, evaluations of the effectiveness of training” | 0* | 16 (72.8%) | 0.001 | 6 (25.0%)* | 13 (54.2%) | 0.017 |
Theoretical training in IPC is more effective than practical training. | “False, use a blended approach to training including…interactive and practical sessions (including simulation and/or bedside training)” | 18 (81.8%)* | 19 (86.4%) | 0.833 | 23 (95.8%) | 22 (91.7%)* | 0.564 |
IPC training should be provided to all front-line clinical staff and environmental/maintenance workers | “True, WHO has identified targets for IPC training: IPC specialists (doctors, nurses), …auxiliary service staff, cleaners, etc” | 19 (86.4%) | 18 (81.8%) | 0.368 | 22 (91.7%)* | 24 (100%) | 0.157 |
IPC training does not have to target senior managers with IPC experience. | “False, WHO has identified targets for IPC training…administrative and managerial staff” | 9 (40.9%) | 9 (40.9%) | 0.607 | 6/23 (26.1%) | 6 (25.5%) | 1.000 |
IPC training and education should be considered for patients and family members | “True, tailored IPC education for patients or family members should be considered to minimize the potential for HAI” | 15 (68.2%) | 22 (100%) | 0.030 | 22 (91.7%) | 22 (91.7%) | 1.000 |
CC4 | |||||||
Hospital administration is not considered a key player that needs feedback on healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance. | “False, surveillance reports should be disseminated …to those at the administration level” | 16 (72.7%)* | 16 (72.7%) | 0.210 | 23 (95.8%) | 23 (95.8%) | 0.368 |
Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance systems can evaluate the effectiveness of IPC interventions. | “True, surveillance of HAI and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can…guide IPC strategies and priorities and assess the effectiveness and impact of interventions” | 19 (86.7%)* | 21 (95.5%) | 0.135 | 23 (95.8%) | 24 (100%) | 0.317 |
A system should be in place to assess the quality of surveillance data. | “True, a system for surveillance data quality assessment is of the utmost importance.” | 22 (100%) | 21 (95.5%) | 0.317 | 23 (95.8%) | 24 (100%) | 0.317 |
CC5 | |||||||
Multimodal thinking means that IPC practitioners focus only on single strategies for changing practices. | “False, multimodal thinking means that IPC practitioners do not focus only on single strategies to change practices but rather several integrated elements.” | 10 (45.5%)* | 15 (68.2%)* | 0.160 | 19 (79.2%)* | 20 (83.3%) | 0.204 |
CC6 | |||||||
How often should hand hygiene practices be monitored? | “Regular monitoring should be established” | 9 (40.9%) | 13 (59.1%) | 0.375 | 8/22 (36.4%)* | 6 (25.0%) | 0.384 |
CC7 | |||||||
Staffing should be appropriately distributed according to patient volume. | “True, staffing levels should be adequately assigned according to patient workload.” | 17 (77.3%) | 18 (81.8%) | 0.565 | 19 (79.2%)* | 23 (95.8%) | 0.135 |
Decisions regarding workload, staffing and bed occupancy are the sole responsibility of the IPC Focal Point. | “False, decisions regarding workload, staffing and bed occupancy…also lie with senior managers and directors.” | 15 (68.2%)* | 17 (77.3%) | 0.587 | 19 (79.2%)* | 24 (100%) | 0.082 |
Overcrowding has been recognized as a public health problem that can lead to disease transmission. | “True, overcrowding is also recognized as being a public health issue that can lead to disease transmission. | 22 (100%) | 22 (100%) | - | 20 (83.3%) | 22 (91.7%) | 0.370 |
WHO recommends which of the following for bed occupancy standards? | “The importance of not exceeding one patient per bed and ensuring adequate bed locations and space between beds (> 1 m) to reduce the transmission risk and ensure patient safety” | 8 (36.4%) | 11 (50.0%) | 0.314 | 7/21 (33.3%)* | 10/19 (52.6%) | 0.174 |
CC8 | |||||||
Burial in a secure pit is considered an appropriate method of waste disposal in primary and secondary care facilities. | “True, waste should be treated and disposed of safely via autoclaving, incineration, and/or buried in a lined, protected pit” | 16 (72.7%) | 18 (81.8%) | 0.565 | 10 (41.7%) | 15 (62.5%) | 0.272 |
Sufficient and appropriately labelled bins for health care waste segregation should be available within how many meters from the point of generation? | “Sufficient and appropriately labelled bins to allow for health care waste segregation should be available and used (less than 5 m from point of generation)” | 2 (9.1%) | 18 (81.8%) | 0.007 | 3 (12.5%)* | 17/23 (73.9%) | 0.008 |
In a hospital facility, a toilet is needed per how many users? | “A minimum of two functional, improved sanitation facilities that safely contain waste available for outpatient wards should be available and one per 20 beds for inpatient wards” | 11 (50.0%)* | 21 (95.5%) | 0.019 | 14 (58.3%)* | 21 (87.5%) | 0.097 |
General IPC | |||||||
Standard precautions should only be observed in the event of a COVID-19 or Ebola outbreak. | “False, standard precautions: … must be applied to ALL patients who require health care, by ALL health workers in ALL health settings” | 18 (81.8%) | 16 (72.7%) | 0.368 | 23 (95.8%) | 22 (91.7%) | 0.317 |
Hand hygiene: What are the preferred methods for washing hands if they are visibly soiled? | “Water and soap…ABHR is not a substitute for soap and water for hand hygiene after toileting or when hands are visibly soiled” | 17/20 (85.0%) | 22 (100%) | 0.392 | 17/18 (94.4%) | 19/19 (100%) | 0.317 |