Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all patients in the training cohort and validation cohort

Demographics

Age (years)

65 (52–74)

64 (52–73)

66 (55–79)

0.026

Gender

 Male

 Female

585 (66.6)

294 (33.4)

513 (67.4)

248 (32.6)

72 (61.0)

46 (39.0)

0.171

-

Weight (kg)

60 (53–67)

60 (54–67)

56 (50.4–62.3)

< 0.001

CRE Colonization status

Primary colonization organism

 Klebsiella pneumoniae

 Escherichia coli

803 (91.4)

76 (8.6)

697 (91.6)

64 (8.4)

106 (89.8)

12 (10.2)

0.527

-

First specimen of colonization

Rectal swab

 Sputum

 Urine

573 (65.2)

183 (20.8)

123 (14.0)

496 (65.2)

164 (21.6)

101 (13.3)

77 (65.3)

19 (16.1)

22 (18.6)

0.987

0.175

0.118

Multisite colonization

294 (33.4)

257 (33.8)

37 (31.4)

0.605

Polymicrobial colonization

149 (17.0)

130 (17.1)

19 (16.1)

0.792

Concurrent fungal colonization

234 (26.6)

209 (27.5)

25 (21.2)

0.151

Time to detect CRE colonization after admission (days)

14 (14–22)

14 (14–23)

14 (14–21)

0.333

Hepatic function

ALT (U/L)

44 (22–86)

46 (23–88)

35 (16.8–70.3)

0.006

AST (U/L)

39 (22–79)

39 (22–81)

33.5 (18.8–59.8)

0.021

TBil (µmol/L)

13.9 (9.5–23.1)

14.5 (10–23.6)

10 (6.4–21.5)

< 0.001

Renal function

BUN (mmol/L)

5.3 (4–6.9)

5.2 (4–6.7)

6.1 (4.4–9.5)

< 0.001

CrCl (mL/min/1.73 m²)

69.5 (41.5–104.3)

69.0 (42.1–102.7)

71.4 (40.4–107.0)

0.952

Invasive procedure and/or devices

CRRT

387 (44.0)

338 (44.4)

49 (41.5)

0.556

ECMO

14 (1.6)

13 (1.7)

1 (0.8)

0.764

Mechanical ventilation

309 (35.2)

270 (35.5)

39 (33.1)

0.607

Vasoactive drugs

256 (29.1)

207 (27.2)

43 (36.4)

0.038

Catheterization

267 (30.4)

234 (30.7)

33 (28.0)

0.541

Comorbidities

Hypertension

330 (37.5)

294 (38.6)

36 (30.5)

0.090

Cardiovascular diseases

333 (37.9)

282 (37.1)

51 (43.2)

0.199

Cerebrovascular diseases

210 (23.9)

181 (23.8)

29 (24.6)

0.851

Respiratory diseases

499 (56.8)

443 (58.2)

56 (47.5)

0.028

Gastrointestinal diseases

259 (29.5)

225 (29.6)

34 (28.8)

0.867

Liver diseases

304 (34.6)

258 (33.9)

46 (39.0)

0.280

Renal diseases

291 (33.1)

257 (33.8)

34 (28.8)

0.287

Diabetes mellitus

215 (24.5)

183 (24.0)

32 (27.1)

0.470

Malignancy

187 (21.3)

157 (20.6)

30 (25.4)

0.237

Autoimmune diseases

8 (0.9)

8 (1.1)

0

< 0.001

Solid organ transplantation

22 (2.5)

22 (2.9)

0

< 0.001

CCI score

4 (3–5)

5 (3–5)

4 (3–5)

< 0.001

Prior healthcare history within 90 days of CRE-colonized detection

Hospitalization

393 (44.7)

341 (44.8)

52 (44.1)

0.880

ICU admission

276 (31.4)

236 (31.0)

40 (33.9)

0.530

Surgery

249 (28.3)

216 (28.4)

33 (28.0)

0.925

Antimicrobial treatment

370 (42.1)

323 (42.4)

61 (51.7)

0.059

Antimicrobial agents

CAZ/AVI

Polymyxins

Carbapenems

Tigecycline

Aminoglycosides

Fosfomycin

Fluoroquinolones

33 (3.8)

80 (9.1)

141 (16.0)

124 (14.1)

46 (5.2)

51 (5.8)

125 (14.2)

27 (3.5)

69 (9.1)

116 (15.2)

107 (14.1)

38 (5.0)

44 (5.8)

105 (13.8)

6 (5.1)

11 (9.3)

25 (21.2)

17 (14.4)

8 (6.8)

7 (5.9)

20 (16.9)

0.414

0.929

0.102

0.920

0.418

0.948

0.362

Antimicrobial combination therapy

140 (15.9)

115 (15.1)

25 (21.2)

0.093

Antimicrobial treatment duration (days)

25 (19–32)

26 (21–31)

19 (10–38)

0.052

Concomitant drugs

GCs

382 (43.5)

333 (43.8)

49 (41.5)

0.649

PPIs

455 (51.8)

402 (52.8)

53 (44.9)

0.110

Albumin

386 (43.9)

342 (45.0)

44 (37.3)

0.119

Immunosuppressants

29 (3.3)

28 (3.7)

1 (0.8)

0.185

Opioids

98 (11.1)

91 (12.0)

7 (5.9)

0.053

Clinical outcomes

CRE infection after colonization within 30 days

160 (18.2)

141 (18.5)

19 (16.1)

0.525

CRE infection after colonization within 60 days

221 (25.1)

196 (25.8)

25 (21.2)

0.287

Time to diagnosis of CRE infection after colonization (days)

20 (14–32)

21 (14.3–32)

19 (13.5–30.5)

0.443

All-cause 60-day mortality

196 (22.3)

170 (22.3)

26 (22.0)

0.941