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P027: Semmelweis versus C. difficile: efficacy of chlorinated lime and other hand hygiene interventions
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control volume 2, Article number: P27 (2013)
Introduction
Clostridium difficile infection is a significant issue in healthcare facilities, and proper hand hygiene is recommended to help prevent C. difficile transmission. It is known that alcohol based-handrubs are ineffective at killing C. difficile spores and recent studies demonstrate that the efficacy of hand washing is limited.
Objectives
The objective of this study was to evaluate several aggressive chemistries including chlorinated lime (the Semmelweis hand disinfection procedure) for reduction of C. difficile spores.
Methods
A modification of the ASTM method E1174 was used to evaluate C. difficile spore removal and inactivation. Approximately 1x106 spores of non-toxigenic C. difficile ATCC #700057 were distributed onto the palms of subject’s hands. A series of hand hygiene procedures were evaluated including a 30-second non-antimicrobial handwash and a 5 minute hand disinfection procedure with a scrub brush using 4% chlorinated lime, 2000 ppm peracetic acid, or 1000 ppm acidified bleach. Log10 reductions from baseline for each product were compared using ANOVA and post-hoc analysis (P<0.05) to identify statistically significant differences.
Results
The handwash, acidified bleach, peracetic acid, and chlorinated lime achieved log10 reductions of 0.66, 0.79, 1.64, and 2.45, respectively. Although log10 reductions were low, those for chlorinated lime and peracetic acid were statistically superior to acidified bleach and the non-antimicrobial handwash.
Conclusion
These data further reinforce that elimination of C. difficile spores from hands is very difficult. The two best chemistries, peracetic acid and chlorinated lime, still only achieved log reductions of <2.5 log10, despite aggressive and lengthy application procedures not feasible for healthcare workers. These data reinforce the need for contact precautions including gloving when caring for a C. difficile infected patient; and the importance of cleaning and disinfection to reduce environmental spore contamination. Further research is needed to identify hand hygiene approaches to effectively eliminate C. difficile from hands and to reduce patient safety risk.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Edmonds, S., Zapka, C., Rutter, J. et al. P027: Semmelweis versus C. difficile: efficacy of chlorinated lime and other hand hygiene interventions. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2, P27 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-2-S1-P27
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Keywords
- Hand Hygiene
- Clostridium Difficile
- Peracetic Acid
- Contact Precaution
- Hygiene Intervention
