Ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonates, infants and children

Table 5 Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric and neonatal settings

Risk factor	Reference (Author, Ref No)	Setting	Patients	VAP, n	VAP, %	Odds ratio [95% CI]	P-value
Gender (female)	Srinivasan [77]	NICU/ PICU	60	19	32	10.3 [52.9-37.2]	<0.001
Genetic syndromes	Elward [46]	PICU	595	34	5.1	2.4 [1.0-5.5]	0.043
Trauma	Bigham [72]	PICU	2846	42	1.47	-	0.020
Post-surgical admission diagnosis	Srinivasan [77]	NICU/ PICU	60	19	32	10.0 [2.2-46.1]	0.003
Subglottic or tracheal stenosis	Bigham [72]	PICU	2846	42	1.47	-	0.020
PRISM III score >10	Roeleveld [37]	Cardiac surgery	125	11	8.8	4.4 [1.1-18.0]	0.041
Prolonged ventilation	Awasthi [19]	Ventilatory units	105	38	36.2	3.8 [1.4- 10.0]	0.008
	Casado [51]	PICU	366	39	10.7	1.0 [1.0-1.1]	0.017
Reintubation	Patria [25]	PICU	451	30	6.6	9.5 [3.3-26.8]	<0.001
	Elward [46]	PICU	595	34	5.1	2.7 [1.2-6.2]	0.011
Tracheostomy	Patria [25]	PICU	451	30	6.6	4.4 [1.0-20.0]	0.040
	Bigham [72]	PICU	2846	42	1.47	-	0.040
Bronchoscopy	Almuneef [28]	PICU	361	37	10.3	5.0 [1.7-15.3]	<0.001
Use of gastric tube	Casado [51]	PICU	366	39	10.7	2.9 [1.4-5.9]	0.003
Enteral feeding	Patria [25]	PICU	451	30	6.6	13.2 [1.5-114.2]	0.020
	Srinivasan [77]	NICU/PICU	60	19	32	8.8 [2.1- 36.2]	0.003
	Almuneef [28]	PICU	361	37	10.3	2.3 [1.1-4.8]	0.004
Prior antibiotic therapy	Almuneef [28]	PICU	361	37	10.3	2.5 [1.1-5.4]	0.026
Administration of blood products	Srinivasan [77]	NICU/PICU	60	19	32	0.1 [0.02- 0.6]	0.009
Use of sedatives/analgesics	Srinivasan [77]	NICU/PICU	60	19	32	77.5 [7.1- 844.6]	<0.001
	Casado [51]	PICU	366	39	10.7	2.5 [1.3-4.7]	0.007
Neuromuscular blockade	Da Silva [80]	PICU	317	-	5	-	0.010
Transport out of the PICU*	Elward [46]	PICU	595	34	5.1	8.9 [3.8-20.7]	<0.001

ISSN: 2047-2994