Table 1 Descriptive data, VRE cases and antibiotic use of the 61 wards considered in the analysis in total and by type of ward

 Patients, N = 204,054

3260 (1886–4478)

4180 (2642–5002)

3849 (3486–4909)

1483 (1252–1899)

2031 (1576–2268)

 Patient-days, N = 948,380

14,773 (10,642–19,154)

16,488 (13,488–19,819)

17,912 (15,018–20,758)

8949 (6961–10,642)

13,722 (10,849–14,430)

 Average length of stay, d

4.7 (3.9–5.8)

4.4 (3.7–5.0)

4.3 (3.7–5.1)

5.6 (5.1–7.0)

6.4 (4.8–8.2)

 Beds, N = 1604

27 (18–32)

32 (30–33)

31.5 (26–36)

13 (10–16)

21 (18–21)

 Bed occupancy rate (bed-days/patient-days*100)

81.1 (77.4–92.6)

77.2 (67.0–81.5)

79.1 (78.0–82.4)

94.9 (94.0–97.2)

89.5 (81.1–93.1)

 VRE cases (all^a), N = 1430

12 (5–24)

5.5 (4.5–12.5)

7 (3–15)

20 (13–70)

48 (33–69)

 Screening cases, N = 939 (65.7%)

4 (2–12)

3.5 (1.5–5)

3.5 (2–4)

9 (0–26)

42 (31–63)

 Clinical cases, N = 491 (34.3%)

4 (2–10)

4 (1.5–6.5)

3 (1–8)

12.5 (8–23)

3 (2–6)

 VRE cases (nosocomial), N = 409 (28.6%)

3 (1–7)

2 (1–4)

1 (0–4)

11.5 (5–21)

5 (3–8)

 VRE incidence (nosocomial VRE/100 patients)

0.11 (0.03–0.32)

0.05 (0.02–0.14)

0.03 (0–0.11)

0.68 (0.32–1.22)

0.29 (0.14–0.53)

 VRE incidence density (nosocomial VRE/ 1000 patient-days)

0.24 (0.07–0.54)

0.11 (0.06–0.27)

0.07 (0–0.22)

1.17 (0.71–1.75)

0.35 (0.24–0.54)

 All antibacterials for systemic use (J01)

76.8 (61.6–131.9)

72.8 (58.1–83.6)

64.1 (39.2–72.8)

163.2 (144.1–200.7)

115.0 (65.4–123.8)

 - Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins (J01C)

19.5 (13.8–34.4)

15.6 (12.1–38.7)

17.0 (11.5–28.6)

34.1 (30.1–46.2)

17.6 (16.1–20.4)

 - Combinations of penicillins, incl. Beta-lactamase inhibitors (J01CR)

14.2 (10.6–26.8)

12.2 (9.5–34.3)

10.7 (8.4–16.4)

21.4 (15.9–31.0)

15.2 (13.7–18.3)

 - Ampicillin and enzyme inhibitor (J01CR01)

5.3 (2.5–16.5)

5.7 (2.8–25.4)

3.8 (2.4–9.7)

11.2 (6.5–17.9)

2.3 (1.0–3.8)

 - Piperacillin and enzyme inhibitor (J01CR05)

6.0 (2.6–9.2)

2.7 (1.6–4.1)

3.1 (2.0–5.8)

10.2 (7.2–12.9)

10.4 (7.4–11.5)

 - Other beta-lactam antibacterials (J01D)

21.6 (16.9–37.5)

18.6 (14.2–29.2)

18.5 (10.3–22.8)

57.5 (45.7–68.5)

20.5 (18.2–34.5)

 - Second-generation cephalosporins (J01 DC)

4 (2.6–11.7)

9.0 (3.4–20.0)

3.3 (1.9–8.2)

4.3 (2.7–17.1)

2.8 (2.1–3.5)

 - Third-generation cephalosporins (J01DD)

3.9 (2.2–6.7)

2.4 (1.2–3.4)

3.1 (2.0–6.4)

9.0 (6.6–12.6)

4.3 (3.5–6.3)

 - Ceftriaxone (J01DD04)

2.6 (1.2–4.7)

1.6 (0.7–2.8)

2.8 (1.5–5.6)

4.7 (2.8–5.8)

1.6 (0.9–2.8)

 - Carbapenems (J01DH)

8.4 (2.3–19.0)

4.6 (1.0–7.5)

3.2 (1.5–8.4)

42.3 (22.5–49.4)

11.8 (10.7–25.7)

 - Meropenem (J01DH02)

7.8 (2.2–16.8)

3.3 (0.8–6.8)

2.5 (1.5–7.8)

40.3 (22.1–45.0)

11.5 (10.4–25.4)

 - Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim (J01E)

2.7 (1.4–5.0)

2.7 (1.4–3.3)

1.1 (0.6–2.0)

4.3 (3.1–7.1)

13.5 (2.7–15.8)

 - Makrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (J01F)

7.3 (4.5–9.4)

6.4 (3.4–8.4)

6.2 (4.2–7.8)

8.8 (6.4–10.5)

8.0 (7.0–10.4)

 - Aminoglycosides (J01G)

0.4 (0.2–1.3)

0.2 (0.1–0.4)

0.2 (0.1–0.6)

3.5 (1.4–7.9)

0.3 (0.2–0.4)

 - Quinolones (J01M)

11.2 (6.8–20.7)

8.3 (6.1–16.0)

7.4 (3.7–12.4)

23.3 (17.9–27.3)

13.5 (10.2–43.6)

 - Ciprofloxacin (J01MA02)

10.5 (6.0–19.0)

8.0 (5.7–14.1)

6.9 (3.1–11.0)

21.6 (17.4–25.2)

11.1 (9.2–41.9)

 - Other antibacterials (J01X)

7.5 (3.5–12.9)

6.1 (3.2–9.3)

3.7 (1.7–6.3)

29.2 (20.8–36.7)

8.8 (5.1–11.0)

 - Glycopeptide antibacterials (J01XA)

3.0 (1.5–8.7)

1.8 (1.4–3.1)

1.7 (0.8–2.2)

12.8 (8.7–19.0)

5.6 (3.7–9.4)

 - Vancomycin (J01XA01)

2.6 (1.5–6.7)

1.8 (1.4–3.1)

1.6 (0.8–2.2)

12.4 (8.7–16.6)

2.8 (2.6–4.0)