Estimating the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic literature review

Naylor, Nichola R.; Atun, Rifat; Zhu, Nina; Kulasabanathan, Kavian; Silva, Sachin; Chatterjee, Anuja; Knight, Gwenan M.; Robotham, Julie V.

doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0336-y

Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

Table 3 Excess Healthcare system Cost Estimates of Antimicrobial Resistance

From: Estimating the burden of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic literature review

Study	Exposure Group	Control Group	Country	Method	Excess Cost Estimate (2013 USD)
Cost per case
[109]	CRAB in Columbia	Carbapenem susceptible A. baumannii	Columbia	Regression	4,583^a
[124]	ESBL+ E. coli & Klebsiella species UTI	ESBL- E. coli & Klebsiella species UTI	USA	Significance Tests	3,237^a
[125]	ESBL+ E.coli BSI	ESBL- E.coli BSI	Germany	Matching	-2081
[49]	ESBL+ Enterobacteriaceae BSI	ESBL- Enterobacteriaceae BSI	Switzerland	Multistate model	10,154
[45]	ESBL+ UTI	ESBL- UTI	Spain	Matching & Regression	3146†
[126]	ESBL+ and/or beta-lactamases resistant UTI	Susceptible UTI	Turkey	Significance Tests	90^a
[126]	Ciprofloxacin resistant UTI	Ciprofloxacin susceptible UTI	Turkey	Significance Tests	114^a
[127]	MDR A. baumannii BSI	Susceptible A. baumannii BSI	Turkey	Significance Tests	15,365
[58]	MRSA	Non-exposure inpatients	Germany	Stepwise Calculations	11,878
[53]	MRSA breast abscess	MSSA breast abscess	USA	Matching	515
[128]	MRSA BSI	Non-exposure BSI	South Korea	Stepwise Calculations	5216
[129]	MRSA BSI (survivors)	Non-nosocomial-infected patients	South Korea	Matching	11,627
[129]	MRSA BSI (non-survivors)	Non-nosocomial-infected patients	South Korea	Matching	15,254
[51]	MRSA infections	Non-exposure inpatients	USA	Matching	28,553^a
[130]	MRSA colonisation & infection	Non-exposure inpatients	USA	Matching	12,167^a
[131]	Resistant BSI	Susceptible BSI	India	Significance Tests	912^a
[132]	Carbapenem-resistant device associated healthcare acquired infections ICU patients	Non-“device associated healthcare acquired infections” ICU patients	Greece	Significance Tests	3,884^a
[133]	VRE colonisation & infections	Non-exposure inpatients	Canada	Matching & Regression	18,631^a
[76]	VRE BSI	VSE BSI	Australia	Matching & Regression	30,093^a
[134]	VRE BSI in allo-HSCT recipients	Non-exposure in allo-HSCT recipients	USA	Significance Tests	6104
[135]	MDR TB	Non-MDR TB	Germany	Stepwise Calculations	86,321
[136]	MDR TB	Non-MDR TB	South Africa	Stepwise Calculations	6728
[137]	MDR TB	Non-MDR TB	Latvia	Regression	33291^a
[138]	XDR and pre-XDR TB	Rifampicin-mono-resistant or MDR TB	South Africa	Stepwise Calculations	15,567
[136]	XDR TB	Non-“XDR or MDR” TB	South Africa	Stepwise Calculations	26,989
[139]	VRE BSI in leukaemia patients	Non-exposure leukaemia patients	USA	Matching	88150^a
Per-patient per-day
[50]	MRSA in Switzerland	Non-exposure inpatients	Switzerland	Multistate model	867
[140]	Resistant Gram-negative Bacilli infection	Susceptible Gram-negative Bacilli infection	Singapore	Matching	812
Annual cost per stated country or stated region
[57]	MRSA	No-MRSA	USA	Multistate model	1,382,733,079
[141]	Resistant Streptococcus pneumonia	Susceptible Streptococcus pneumonia	USA	Multistate model	91,773,500
[142]	Artemisinin resistant malaria	No-“Artemisinin resistant malaria”	High endemicity region	Multistate model	32,000,000

^aStatistically significant where p-value is less than 0.05

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