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Table 4 Analysis of risk factors associated with carbapenem non-susceptibility of K. pneumoniae isolates

From: Carbapenem non-susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in hospitals from 2011 to 2016, data from the German Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ARS)

 

Univariable analysis of risk factors associated with carbapenem non-susceptibility

Multivariable analysis of risk factors associated with carbapenem non-susceptibility

OR (95% CI)a

p-valueb

OR (95% CI)c

p-valueb

Year

 2011

1

–

1

–

 2012

1.00 (0.64, 1.57)

0.994

0.99 (0.63, 1.56)

0.964

 2013

1.29 (0.84, 1.99)

0.239

1.30 (0.85, 2.01)

0.229

 2014

1.78 (1.16, 2.75)

0.009

1.84 (1.19, 2.84)

0.006

 2015

1.87 (1.23, 2.86)

0.004

1.99 (1.29, 3.05)

0.002

 2016

2.00 (1.32, 3.05)

0.001

2.10 (1.38, 3.22)

0.001

Quarter

 Jan - Mar

1

–

1

–

 Apr - Jun

1.14 (0.93, 1.40)

0.217

1.13 (0.92, 1.39)

0.248

 Jul - Sept

1.07 (0.87, 1.31)

0.515

1.06 (0.87, 1.30)

0.553

 Oct - Dec

1.05 (0.86, 1.30)

0.618

1.07 (0.87, 1.31)

0.542

Age (years)

  < 1

0.49 (0.21, 1.11)

0.089

0.26 (0.11, 0.61)

0.002

 1–19

2.28 (1.45, 3.58)

< 0.001

1.67 (1.06, 2.66)

0.029

 20–39

2.87 (2.17, 3.79)

< 0.001

2.38 (1.78, 3.18)

< 0.001

 40–49

1.88 (1.33, 2.64)

< 0.001

1.49 (1.05, 2.10)

0.025

 50–59

2.10 (1.63, 2.70)

< 0.001

1.62 (1.26, 2.10)

< 0.001

 60–69

1.73 (1.37, 2.18)

< 0.001

1.35 (1.06, 1.71)

0.013

 70–79

1.57 (1.28, 1.94)

< 0.001

1.33 (1.08, 1.65)

0.007

 80+

1

–

1

–

Sex

 Male

1.81 (1.57, 2.10)

< 0.001

1.57 (1.35, 1.83)

< 0.001

 Female

1

–

1

–

Hospital Care Level

 Secondary Care

1

–

1

–

 Tertiary Care

3.52 (2.02, 6.11)

< 0.001

2.68 (1.55, 4.66)

< 0.001

 Specialist Care

2.16 (1.39, 3.37)

0.001

2.44 (1.57, 3.78)

< 0.001

 Prevention and Rehabilitation Care

1.92 (0.93, 3.98)

0.078

2.22 (1.09, 4.52)

0.028

 Other

0.91 (0.26, 3.21)

0.886

1.03 (0.29, 3.61)

0.966

Type of care

 Intensive care unit

2.58 (2.20, 3.03)

< 0.001

2.37 (1.98, 2.84)

< 0.001

 Normal hospital ward

1

–

1

–

 Other

1.96 (1.26, 3.06)

0.003

1.69 (1.08, 2.64)

0.022

Clinical specialty

 Surgery and related

1.50 (1.24, 1.82)

< 0.001

1.15 (0.94, 1.40)

0.176

 Internal medicine

1

–

1

–

 Other

1.50 (1.26, 1.78)

< 0.001

0.98 (0.81, 1.18)

0.821

Sample type

 Swabs

2.35 (1.94, 2.85)

< 0.001

1.87 (1.53, 2.29)

< 0.001

 Blood culture

1.45 (1.01, 2.06)

0.043

1.08 (0.76, 1.56)

0.661

 Puncture

1.46 (0.90, 2.37)

0.126

1.08 (0.66, 1.76)

0.769

 Urine

1

–

1

–

 Wound

1.90 (1.49, 2.41)

< 0.001

1.45 (1.13, 1.87)

0.003

 Respiratory

2.07 (1.69, 2.53)

< 0.001

1.21 (0.97, 1.51)

0.093

 Other

3.01 (1.98, 4.58)

< 0.001

2.11 (1.37, 3.23)

< 0.001

Region

 Northwest

1

–

1

–

 West

1.70 (0.93, 3.14)

0.087

1.73 (0.98, 3.06)

0.057

 Southwest

1.03 (0.55, 1.93)

0.922

1.01 (0.55, 1.84)

0.983

 Southeast

1.10 (0.55, 2.20)

0.783

0.89 (0.46, 1.71)

0.721

 Northeast

1.57 (0.74, 3.33)

0.241

1.43 (0.69, 2.98)

0.336

County Type

 Rural

1

–

1

–

 City

1.34 (0.93, 1.92)

0.119

1.17 (0.74, 1.84)

0.508

Counties by Social Deprivation Index

 1 (lowest deprivation)

1

–

1

–

 2

1.29 (0.68, 2.44)

0.444

1.29 (0.70, 2.36)

0.412

 3

0.96 (0.51, 1.82)

0.897

0.88 (0.47, 1.64)

0.687

 4

0.84 (0.44, 1.61)

0.609

0.79 (0.42, 1.47)

0.452

 5 (highest deprivation)

0.99 (0.53, 1.84)

0.971

0.91 (0.49, 1.69)

0.758

Hospital Beds per 10.000 inhabitants

 8.2–57.2

1

–

1

–

 57.3–71.5

0.96 (0.59, 1.56)

0.870

0.87 (0.53, 1.42)

0.577

 71.6–90.9

0.82 (0.51, 1.33)

0.431

0.62 (0.36, 1.08)

0.093

 91.0–219.0

1.49 (0.94, 2.36)

0.087

1.01 (0.58, 1.77)

0.969

  1. Isolates from patients with missing values on the variables were not included in the analysis
  2. CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio
  3. aHierarchical Logistic Regression model accounting for clustering within counties and hospitals
  4. bWald test
  5. cHierarchical Logistic Regression model accounting for clustering within counties and hospitals adjusting for year, quarter age, sex, hospital care level, type of care, clinical specialty, sample type, region, county type, social deprivation index, and hospital beds per 10,000 inhabitants
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

ISSN: 2047-2994

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