Healthcare-associated infections in intensive care units in Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan: recent trends based on national surveillance reports

Table 3 Comparison of healthcare-associated infections in intensive care units across different geographic regions

				Site-specific HAI (per 1000 patient-days)			Device-associated HAI (per 1000 device-days)
Countries/Regions (surveillance system)	Data source or type of study	Year	Overall^a	UTI ^b	BSI	HAP	CAUTI^b	CLABSI	VAP
Taiwan (TNIS)	National surveillance	2015	5.0 (8514/1692998)	2.1	2.1	0.8	3.0	3.7	1.1
South Korea (KONIS)	National surveillance	2015	2.8^c (2608/945605)	0.8	1.3	0.7	0.9	2.2	1.0
Japan (JANIS)	National surveillance	2015	2.7^d (952/347386)	0.5	–	–	–	0.7^e	1.5^e
USA (NHSN) [12]	National surveillance	2012	1.6^f (37872/23344616)	–	–	–	2.1	1.1	1.4
Europe (HAI-net) [13]	National surveillance	2015	2.6 (15821/6177114)	1.1	2.0	4.0	3.6	3.6	10.0
Southeast Asia [2]	Meta-analysis^g	2000–2012	20.0^h (16.9450/26681)	–	–	–	8.9	4.7	14.7
Developing countries worldwide [14]	Meta-analysis^g	1995–2008	47.9^h (28.54250/148893)	–	–	–	9.8	11.3	22.9
Developing countries worldwide (INICC)ⁱ [15]	Multi-center study	2010–2015	–	–	–	–	5.1	4.1	13.1

Abbreviations: BSI bloodstream infections, CAUTI catheter-associated urinary tract infections, CLABSI central line-associated bloodstream infections, HAI healthcare-associated infections, HAI-net Healthcare-associated Infections Surveillance Network (Europe), HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, ICU intensive care units, INICC International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (developing countries worldwide), NHSN National Healthcare Safety network (USA), UTI urinary tract infections, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia
^aData are pooled mean of site-specific HAI such as UTI, BSI, and HAP or otherwise specified, and computed from raw data provided in the reports. Thus, all these data should be interpreted appropriately
^bThe NHSN CAUTI definition was updated in 2015 and excluded Candida, yeasts or molds as potential CAUTI pathogens. Nevertheless, TNIS, KONIS and JANIS kept these pathogens and data are provided
^cData were collected during July 2015–June 2016
^dData are pooled means of UTI, CLABSI and VAP
^eData were calculated by episodes/1000 patient-day
^fData are pooled means of CAUTI, CLABSI and VAP
^gInfection frequencies reported in high-quality studies were greater than those from low-quality studies
^hWeights were given to different studies to compute the final data. Unweighted raw data were derived from the original article and denoted in parenthesis
ⁱData were prospectively collected from 861,284 patients in 703 ICUs from 50 countries

ISSN: 2047-2994