Table 1 Mobile antimicrobial resistance genes

β-lactams

Drug degradation:

β-lactamases

Class A:

Serine Penicillinases: TEM, SHV, CTX-M;

Carbapenemases: KPC, IMI-2, GES

Plasmid

Multiples species of Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas

[8,9,10]

Class B (Metallo-β-Lactamases): NDM-1, IMP, VIM, NDM-9

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacteriaceae (NDM-1), Klebsiella variicola (NDM-9)

Class C (Cephalosporinases): AmpC

Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas

Class D (oxacillinases): OXA-23, OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-143, OXA-372

Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriaceae, Aeromonas, Citrobacter freundii

Class A: GES-1,VEB-1

Integron

K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii

Class B: NDM-1, IMP, VIM,

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacteriaceae and A. baumannii (NDM-1)

Aminoglycosides

Drug modification

Nucleotidyltransferases:

ANT(6)-Ia, ANT(9)-Ib, ANT(4′)-Ia C, ANT(4′)-IIa

ANT(6)-Ib, ANT(4′)-IIb,

ANT(9)-Ia, ANT(2″)-Ia, ANT(3″)-Ia

aadA31

Plasmid

Transposon

Plasmid, transposon, integrin

Integron

Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, E. faecium, Streptococcus suis, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Salmonella spp. S. enterica, E. coli, Aeromonas media, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia enterocolitica, C. glutamicum, B. subtilis

Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni

[11, 12]

Phosphotransferases:

APH(4)-Ia, APH(6)-Id,

APH(3′)-Ib, −IIIa C, −Via, −VIb, −VIIa, APH(2″)-Ia, −IIIa C

APH(6)-Ic,

APH(3′)-Ia, −IIa C

APH(3′)-Ic, APH(2″)-Ie, APH(3″)-Ib

Plasmid

Transposon

Plasmid, transposon

E. coli, S. enterica, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., V. cholerae, Edwardsiella tarda, Pasteurella multocida, Aeromonas bestiarum, A. baumannii, S.marcescens, Corynebacteriumspp., Photobacterium spp., Citrobacter spp. S. aureus, Enterococcus spp. E. casseliflavus

Acetyltransferases:

AAC(3)-Ia C, −Ib, −Ic, −Id, −Ie, −Ib, AAC(6′)-Ib”

AAC(3)-IIa, −IIb, −IIc, −IVa, VIa

AAC(6′)-Ia, −Ib C, −Ib’, −Ie, −If, −Ih, −Ip, −Iq, −Im, −Il, −Isa, −Iad, −Iae, −Iaf, −Iai, −Ib, − 31, − 32, − 33, −I30, −IIa, −IIb, −IIc, −Ib-cr, −Ie-APH(2″)-Ia, − 30/AAC(6′)-Ib’, ANT(3″)-Ii-AAC(6′)-IId

Integron

Plasmid

Plasmid, transposon, integron

P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, S. enterica, E. coli, E. cloacae, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, E. faecalis, E. faecium, Streptomyces albulus, C. freundii, A. baumannii, S. marcescens, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, S. typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii

Target modification:

16S rRNA methyltransferase

armA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtH

Plasmid

K. pneumonia, E. coli, S. enterica, P. stuartii,

E. aerogenes,

[13]

armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, npmA, rmtD, rmtE, rmtD2

Transposon/integron

C. freundii, P. aerugonosa, S. marcescens, P. mirabilis, E. coli,

Quinolones

Drug modification

Acetyltransferase: aac(6′)-Ib-cr

Plasmid

Multiple species of Enterobacteriaceae

[14]

Target protection

qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrC, qnrD, qnrVC

Plasmid

Multiple species of Enterobacteriaceae, also Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio spp.

Efflux pumps

oqxAB, qepA

Plasmid

Multiples species of Enterobacteriaceae

Macrolides

Efflux pumps

mefB

mefC

Plasmid

E. coli

marine bacteria including Vibrio and Photobacterium

[15, 16]

mefI

Transposon

S. pneumoniae

mefA, mefE

Integron /transposon

Streptococcus, Staphylococci

msr(A)

Plasmid

Staphylococci

Drug modification

Phosphotransferase:

mphC, mphA, mphE

Plasmid

S. aureus, E. coli, Serratia marscescens, K. pneumonia, A. baumannii, E. coli, Citrobacter freundii

Esterase: ereA, ereB

Plasmid

E. coli

Target modification:

23S rRNA methylase

erm

Plasmid/transposon/integron

Multiple species

Ribosomal protection: ABC-F proteins

msr(A)

Plasmid

staphylococci, enterococci, streptococci

Tetracyclines

Drug modification

tetX,

tet34

tet37

Bacteroides, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Vibrio

[17]

Ribosomal protection

tetM, tetS, tetT, tetB(P), tetQ, tetW, tet32, tet36, otrA

Transposon

Acinetobacter, Afipia, Enterobacter, Erysipelothrix, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Microbacterium, Mitsuokella, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Ralstonia, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas, Selenomonas, Streptomyces, Vibrio, Megasphaera, Neisseria, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Bacillus, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Megasphaera, Roseburia, Staphylococcus, Bacteroides

tetO, poxtA

Plasmid/transponson

Efflux pump

tetA, tetB tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG tetH, tetJ, tetK, tetL tetA(P), tetV tetY, tetZ, tet30, tet31, tet33, tet35, tet38, tet39

tcr3

otrB, otrC

Plasmid/ Transposon

Acinetobacter, Haemophilus, Veillonella, Acinetobacter, Brevundimonsa, Neisseria, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Chlamydia, Alteromonas, Escherichia Providencia, Actinobacillus, Moraxella, Pasteurella, Lactobacillus, Norcardia, Streptomyces, Morganella, Norcardia, Salmonella, Veillonella, Corynebacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Vibrio, Staphylococcu

Unknown

tetU

Staphylococci

Lincosamides

Drug modification: nucleotidyltransferases

lnuA

lnuB

lnuC

lnuE

lnuF, linG

linA _N2

lnuG

Plasmid

Plasmid/integron

Transposon

Transposon

Staphylococci

Staphylococci, streptococci, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

S. agalactiae, Haemophilus parasuis

Streptococcus suis, S. aureus

E. coli, Salmonella enterica

Bacteroides

Enterococcus faecalis

[18,19,20]

Target modification: 23S rRNA methylase

cfr

Plasmid

Staphylococci, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Macrococcus caseolyticus, Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis, E. coli

erm

Plasmid/transposon/integron

Multiple species

Ribosomal protection: ABC-F proteins

vga

lsa

Plasmid/transposon

Staphylococci, enterococci, streptococci

Efflux pump

lsa(B)

Plasmid

Staphylococci

lsa(E)

Integron

vga(A), vga(E)

Transposon/ plasmid

Staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci

vga(C)

Plasmid

sal(A)

Integron

Staphylococci

Phenicols

Drug modification: Acetyltransferase

catA

catB

Plasmid/ transposon

Integron/ transposon

Multiple species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Multiple species of Gram-negative bacteria

Target modification: 23S rRNA methylase

cfr

Plasmid

Staphylococci, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Macrococcus caseolyticus, Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis, E. coli

[21]

Efflux pump

optrA

Plasmid

Enterococci

[19, 22]

cmr, cmx

Plasmid/ transposon

Corynebacterium spp., Rhodococcus spp.

floR

Plasmid/ integron

E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella trehalosi, A. pleuropneumoniae, Stenothrophomonas maltophilia, P. multocida

fexA

Transposon

Staphylococci

fexB

Plasmid

Enterococci

oqxAB

Plasmid

Multiple species of Enterobacteriaceae

Streptogramin

Drug modification

Streptogramin A acetyltransferase:

vat(A), vat(B), vat(C)

vat(D), vat(E), vat(H)

Plasmid

Staphylococci

Enterococci

[19]

Streptogramin B lactone hydrolase:

vgb(A), vgb(B)

Plasmid

Staphylococci

Target modification: 23S rRNA methylase

streptogramin A: cfr

Plasmid

Staphylococci, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Macrococcus caseolyticus, Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis, E. coli

streptogramin B: erm

Plasmid/transposon/intergron

Multiple species

Ribosomal protection: ABC-F proteins

streptogramin B: msr(A)

Plasmid

Staphylococci, enterococci, streptococci

Efflux pump

streptogramin A:

vga, lsa(A), sal(A)

Plasmid/transposon/intergron

Staphylococci, enterococci, streptococci

streptogramin B:

msr(A), msr(C)

Plasmid/integron

Polymyxin

LPS modification

Phosphoethanolamine transferase: mcr-1, −2, −3, −4, −5, −6, −7, and − 8

Plasmid

E. coli, K. pneumonia, Salmonella, Shigella sonnei, Enterobacter, Cronobacter sakazakii, Kluyvera ascorbata

[23, 24]

Vancomycin

Target modification

vanA–G

Plasmid/transposon/integron

Staphylococci, enterococci, streptococci, Oerskovia turbata, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum

[25]