From: Knowledge and use of antibiotics in six ethnic groups: the HELIUS study
Variablesa | Ethnicity | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dutch (N = 4564) | South-Asian Surinamese (N = 3043) | African Surinamese (N = 4151) | Ghanaian (N = 2339) | Turkish (N = 3614) | Moroccan (N = 3906) | |||||||
Sociodemographics | ||||||||||||
Female sex | 2475 | 54% | 1672 | 55% | 2535 | 61% | 1434 | 61% | 1980 | 55% | 2392 | 61% |
Age in years, median (IQR) | 47 | (34–58) | 48 | (35–56) | 50 | (40–57) | 47 | (38–53) | 42 | (31–50) | 40 | (30–50) |
Migration generation | ||||||||||||
1st generation | N.A. | N.A. | 2328 | 77% | 3468 | 84% | 2231 | 95% | 2544 | 70% | 2680 | 69% |
2nd generation | N.A. | N.A. | 715 | 23% | 683 | 16% | 108 | 4.6% | 1080 | 30% | 1226 | 31% |
Educational level | ||||||||||||
Unknown | 25 | 0.6% | 16 | 0.5% | 36 | 0.9% | 42 | 1.8% | 38 | 1.1% | 38 | 1.0% |
No school/elementary school | 150 | 3.3% | 437 | 14% | 231 | 6% | 660 | 28% | 1135 | 31% | 1205 | 31% |
Lower vocational/lower secondary school | 646 | 14% | 1010 | 33% | 1477 | 36% | 917 | 39% | 889 | 25% | 694 | 18% |
Intermediate vocational/ intermediate secondary school | 994 | 22% | 885 | 29% | 1464 | 35% | 578 | 25% | 1020 | 28% | 1294 | 33% |
Higher vocational/university | 2749 | 60% | 695 | 23% | 943 | 23% | 142 | 6% | 532 | 15% | 675 | 17% |
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Married/registered partnership | 1724 | 38% | 1043 | 34% | 766 | 19% | 420 | 18% | 2208 | 61% | 2285 | 59% |
Cohabiting | 914 | 20% | 311 | 10% | 441 | 11% | 427 | 19% | 132 | 3.7% | 110 | 2.8% |
Unmarried/never married | 1474 | 32% | 1001 | 33% | 2231 | 54% | 779 | 34% | 761 | 21% | 1010 | 26% |
Divorced/separated | 356 | 8% | 580 | 19% | 617 | 15% | 656 | 28% | 407 | 11% | 414 | 11% |
Widow/widower | 87 | 1.9% | 92 | 3.0% | 65 | 1.6% | 23 | 1.0% | 90 | 2.5% | 69 | 1.8% |
Health status | ||||||||||||
Self-reported medical conditions (previous 12 months) | ||||||||||||
Diabetes mellitus | 102 | 2.2% | 521 | 17% | 419 | 10% | 185 | 8% | 336 | 9% | 389 | 10% |
CVA/one-sided loss of bodily function ≤1 day | 160 | 3.5% | 212 | 7% | 261 | 6% | 95 | 4.1% | 196 | 5% | 195 | 5% |
MI incl. ≥half hour chest pain or dotter/bypass operation | 233 | 5% | 491 | 16% | 440 | 11% | 225 | 10% | 591 | 16% | 476 | 12% |
Severe heart condition | 67 | 1.5% | 120 | 4.0% | 105 | 2.5% | 75 | 3.2% | 153 | 4.3% | 58 | 1.5% |
Malignant disorder | 103 | 2.3% | 70 | 2.3% | 85 | 2.1% | 33 | 1.4% | 73 | 2.0% | 46 | 1.2% |
Severe or chronic fatigue | 633 | 14% | 1032 | 34% | 956 | 23% | 186 | 8% | 1602 | 45% | 1465 | 38% |
High blood pressure | 534 | 12% | 720 | 24% | 1230 | 30% | 770 | 33% | 610 | 17% | 546 | 14% |
Artery stenosis | 85 | 1.9% | 193 | 6% | 181 | 4.4% | 115 | 5% | 348 | 10% | 200 | 5% |
Respiratory diseases | 345 | 8% | 433 | 14% | 354 | 9% | 117 | 5% | 556 | 15% | 446 | 11% |
Serious/persistent intestinal disorders | 249 | 5% | 248 | 8% | 308 | 7% | 70 | 3.0% | 433 | 12% | 391 | 10% |
Psoriasis | 136 | 3.0% | 168 | 6% | 128 | 3.1% | 71 | 3.1% | 154 | 4.3% | 121 | 3.1% |
(Chronic) eczema | 420 | 9% | 406 | 13% | 370 | 9% | 71 | 3.1% | 471 | 13% | 423 | 11% |
Incontinence | 309 | 7% | 326 | 11% | 342 | 8% | 108 | 4.7% | 464 | 13% | 300 | 8% |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 24.1 | (21.9–26.7) | 25.7 | (23.2–28.8) | 27.0 | (23.9–30.8) | 27.9 | (25.0–31.2) | 27.9 | (24.6–31.7) | 27.0 | (23.9–30.7) |
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1129 | 25% | 861 | 28% | 1309 | 32% | 104 | 4.5% | 1240 | 35% | 525 | 13% |
No, never | 1689 | 37% | 1758 | 58% | 2016 | 49% | 2027 | 87% | 1700 | 47% | 2874 | 74% |
No, but ever | 1737 | 38% | 413 | 14% | 805 | 19% | 191 | 8% | 648 | 18% | 492 | 13% |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
Never | 297 | 7% | 1072 | 35% | 1002 | 24% | 806 | 35% | 2414 | 67% | 3265 | 84% |
Not in previous 12 months | 110 | 2.4% | 251 | 8% | 292 | 7% | 408 | 18% | 358 | 10% | 338 | 9% |
Monthly or less | 436 | 10% | 758 | 25% | 1242 | 30% | 508 | 22% | 367 | 10% | 127 | 3.3% |
2–4 times per month | 894 | 20% | 541 | 18% | 873 | 21% | 291 | 13% | 257 | 7% | 87 | 2.2% |
2–3 times per week | 1413 | 31% | 262 | 9% | 439 | 11% | 193 | 8% | 132 | 3.7% | 56 | 1.4% |
≥ 4 times per week | 1408 | 31% | 147 | 5% | 272 | 7% | 109 | 4.7% | 57 | 1.6% | 16 | 0.4% |
Difficulty with Dutch language | ||||||||||||
Yes | N.A. | N.A. | 711 | 23% | 520 | 13% | 1926 | 83% | 2136 | 60% | 1774 | 46% |
Perceived health | ||||||||||||
Excellent | 541 | 12% | 162 | 5% | 303 | 7% | 226 | 10% | 117 | 3.3% | 166 | 4.3% |
Very good | 1381 | 30% | 310 | 10% | 571 | 14% | 458 | 20% | 383 | 11% | 384 | 10% |
Good | 2205 | 48% | 1623 | 53% | 2335 | 56% | 1180 | 51% | 1871 | 52% | 1871 | 48% |
Mediocre | 402 | 9% | 811 | 27% | 834 | 20% | 383 | 16% | 921 | 26% | 1223 | 31% |
Bad | 28 | 0.6% | 131 | 4.3% | 101 | 2.4% | 88 | 3.8% | 307 | 9% | 241 | 6% |
Antibiotics | ||||||||||||
Knowledge concerning antibioticsb | ||||||||||||
Antibiotics effective for influenza | 324 | 7% | 554 | 19% | 592 | 15% | 658 | 29% | 744 | 21% | 648 | 18% |
Antibiotics effective for pneumonia | 4166 | 92% | 2304 | 77% | 3114 | 77% | 1312 | 58% | 2587 | 73% | 2741 | 73% |
Antibiotics effective for feverc | 689 | 15% | 552 | 19% | 679 | 17% | 586 | 26% | 898 | 26% | 614 | 17% |
Antibiotics effective for sore throatc | 672 | 15% | 760 | 26% | 1089 | 27% | 720 | 32% | 1203 | 34% | 978 | 26% |
Antibiotics effective for bronchitis | 2246 | 50% | 1385 | 50% | 1862 | 46% | 919 | 41% | 1235 | 35% | 1485 | 40% |
Higher level of antibiotic knowledged | 3638 | 80% | 1996 | 68% | 2737 | 69% | 1248 | 57% | 2128 | 62% | 2528 | 70% |
Did not finish antibiotic treatment | ||||||||||||
Yes, regularly | 5 | 0.1% | 49 | 1.6% | 44 | 1.1% | 48 | 2.1% | 41 | 1.2% | 44 | 1.1% |
Yes, occasionally | 332 | 7% | 312 | 10% | 527 | 13% | 174 | 8% | 424 | 12% | 445 | 12% |
Always finished or no antibiotics | 4203 | 93% | 2646 | 88% | 3524 | 86% | 2053 | 90% | 3104 | 87% | 3361 | 87% |
Saved antibiotics for later | ||||||||||||
Yes, regularly | 2 | 0.0% | 7 | 0.2% | 9 | 0.2% | 5 | 0.2% | 10 | 0.3% | 6 | 0.2% |
Yes, occasionally | 37 | 0.8% | 45 | 1.5% | 68 | 1.7% | 62 | 2.7% | 60 | 1.7% | 46 | 1.2% |
No, never | 297 | 7% | 304 | 10% | 492 | 12% | 146 | 6% | 387 | 11% | 430 | 11% |
Not applicable (no antibiotics) | 4203 | 93% | 2646 | 88% | 3524 | 86% | 2053 | 91% | 3104 | 87% | 3361 | 87% |
Ever asked GP for antibiotics | ||||||||||||
Yes, regularly | 38 | 0.8% | 34 | 1.1% | 26 | 0.6% | 36 | 1.6% | 67 | 1.9% | 71 | 1.9% |
Yes, occasionally | 824 | 18% | 491 | 16% | 607 | 15% | 401 | 18% | 734 | 21% | 634 | 17% |
No, never | 3674 | 81% | 2482 | 83% | 3441 | 84% | 1835 | 81% | 2744 | 77% | 3074 | 81% |