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Table 5 Variables associated with number of antibiotic prescriptions in participants linked to ADH (N = 15,007) (zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis)

From: Knowledge and use of antibiotics in six ethnic groups: the HELIUS study

 

Univariablea

Multivariable excluding variables on antibiotic-related behavior

Multivariable including variables on antibiotic-related behavior

IRR

(95% CI)

P-values

IRR

(95% CI)

P-values

IRR

(95% CI)

P-values

Sociodemographics

 Ethnicity

  

.004

  

.004

  

.001

  Dutch

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  South-Asian Surinamese

   1st generation

1.06

0.85–1.31

 

0.86

0.68–1.10

 

1.02

0.82–1.28

 

   2nd generation

0.82

0.55–1.21

 

0.94

0.61–1.44

 

0.94

0.64–1.36

 

  African Surinamese

   1st generation

0.79

0.64–0.99

 

0.73

0.58–0.93

 

0.81

0.65–1.00

 

   2nd generation

0.83

0.57–1.22

 

0.90

0.59–1.36

 

0.93

0.65–1.33

 

  Ghanaian

   1st generation

0.75

0.60–0.94

 

0.77

0.60–1.00

 

0.81

0.65–1.02

 

   2nd generation

1.66

0.89–3.11

 

2.09

1.06–4.12

 

2.70

1.47–4.94

 

  Turkish

   1st generation

0.85

0.69–1.04

 

0.74

0.59–0.92

 

0.79

0.64–0.97

 

   2nd generation

1.14

0.87–1.51

 

1.14

0.84–1.53

 

1.10

0.84–1.44

 

  Moroccan

   1st generation

0.99

0.81–1.21

 

0.89

0.70–1.11

 

0.89

0.72–1.10

 

   2nd generation

0.84

0.63–1.13

 

0.92

0.67–1.27

 

1.02

0.76–1.37

 

 Female sex

1.36

1.20–1.54

<.001

1.35

1.18–1.54

<.001

1.29

1.15–1.46

<.001

  Age

  

.023

      

    < 25 years

Ref

        

   25–34 years

1.09

0.91–1.30

       

   35–44 years

1.16

0.98–1.38

       

   45–54 years

1.09

0.92–1.29

       

   55–64 years

1.14

0.95–1.36

       

    ≥ 65 years

1.44

1.16–1.80

       

  Educational level

  

.096

      

   Unknown

Ref

        

   No school/elementary school

1.74

0.86–3.52

       

   Lower vocational/lower secondary school

1.74

0.86–3.52

       

   Intermediate vocational/ intermediate secondary school

1.57

0.77–3.17

       

   Higher vocational/university

1.45

0.71–2.96

       

  Marital status

  

.212

      

   Married/registered partnership

Ref

        

   Cohabiting

0.85

0.72–1.00

       

   Unmarried/never married

0.99

0.89–1.10

       

   Divorced/separated

1.01

0.90–1.13

       

   Widow/widower

1.14

0.90–1.45

       

Health status

 Self-reported medical conditions (previous 12 months)

  Diabetes mellitus

1.34

1.17–1.54

<.001

1.21

1.04–1.41

.015

1.22

1.06–1.41

.005

  CVA/one-sided loss of bodily function ≤1 day

1.10

0.95–1.29

.208

      

  MI incl. ≥half hour chest pain or dotter/bypass operation

1.35

1.19–1.54

<.001

1.22

1.06–1.41

.005

   

  Severe heart condition

1.26

1.04–1.52

.019

      

  Malignant disorder

1.91

1.47–2.48

<.001

1.60

1.21–2.12

.001

1.60

1.28–2.00

 

  Severe or chronic fatigue

1.29

1.15–1.44

<.001

      

  High blood pressure

1.14

1.04–1.25

.006

      

  Artery stenosis

1.30

1.08–1.57

.005

      

  Respiratory diseases

1.50

1.32–1.71

<.001

1.34

1.16–1.54

<.001

1.29

1.13–1.47

<.001

  Serious/persistent intestinal disorders

1.24

1.07–1.44

.004

      

  Psoriasis

1.08

0.90–1.31

.406

      

  (Chronic) eczema

1.21

1.07–1.37

.002

1.14

1.00–1.29

.042

   

  Incontinence

1.31

1.13–1.50

<.001

      

 Body Mass Index

  

.736

      

   < 18.5

Ref

        

  18.5–25

0.98

0.70–1.37

       

  25–30

0.98

0.70–1.37

       

  30–40

1.04

0.74–1.46

       

   ≥ 40

1.06

0.71–1.57

       

 Smoking

  

.099

      

  Yes

Ref

        

  No, never

1.13

1.00–1.29

       

  No, but ever

1.02

0.87–1.21

       

 Alcohol usage

  

.075

      

  Never

Ref

        

  Not in previous 12 months

0.93

0.77–1.13

       

  Monthly or less

0.94

0.80–1.11

       

  2–4 times per month

1.01

0.85–1.20

       

  2–3 times per week

0.73

0.58–0.91

       

   ≥ 4 times per week

0.81

0.61–1.08

       

 Difficulty with Dutch language

  

.320

      

  No

Ref

        

  Yes

0.94

0.86–1.04

       

  Not applicable

1.05

0.88–1.25

       

 Perceived health

  

<.001

  

.001

  

<.001

  Excellent

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Very good

0.98

0.68–1.42

 

1.03

0.71–1.49

 

0.99

0.70–1.39

 

  Good

1.29

0.94–1.77

 

1.19

0.85–1.65

 

1.17

0.86–1.59

 

  Mediocre

1.73

1.25–2.39

 

1.40

1.00–1.97

 

1.44

1.05–1.97

 

  Bad

2.30

1.62–3.26

 

1.71

1.17–2.49

 

1.72

1.22–2.43

 

Antibiotic-related behavior

 Higher antibiotic knowledge

  

.054

      

 No

Ref

        

 Yes

0.92

0.85–1.00

       

 Ever asked GP for antibiotics

  

<.001

     

<.001

  No, never

Ref

     

Ref

  

  Yes, regularly

2.96

2.34–3.73

    

1.87

1.45–2.41

 

  Yes, occasionally

1.75

1.59–1.92

    

1.15

1.06–1.30

 

 Did not finish treatment

  

<.001

      

  Always finished or no antibiotics

Ref

        

  Yes, regularly

1.50

1.12–2.00

       

  Yes, occasionally

1.32

1.18–1.48

       
  1. Abbreviations: IRR Incidence Risk Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, CVA Cerebro Vascular Accident, MI Myocardial infarction, GP General Practitioner
  2. aAccounts for zero-inflated distribution
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

ISSN: 2047-2994

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