Table 1 Demographics, clinical characteristics, and conditional logistic regression analysis among patients with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization with and without subsequent infections
Variablea | Case patients (n = 97) | Control patients (n = 194) | Univariable OR (95% CI) | P | Multivariable OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||
 Age (y) | 70.1 (57.6–81.3) | 72.1 (57.6–82.5) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.57 |  |  |
 Male sex | 48 (49.5) | 96 (49.5) | 1.00 (0.27–3.72) | > 0.99 |  |  |
Comorbid conditions at identification | ||||||
 Charlson score | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 1.13 (1.01–1.25) | 0.03 |  |  |
 Myocardial infarction | 4 (4.1) | 10 (5.2) | 0.79 (0.24–2.61) | 0.70 |  |  |
 Congestive heart failure | 10 (10.3) | 28 (14.4) | 0.67 (0.31–1.47) | 0.32 |  |  |
 Peripheral occlusive arterial disease | 1 (1.0) | 8 (4.1) | 0.25 (0.03–2.00) | 0.19 |  |  |
 Cerebrovascular diseases | 17 (17.4) | 24 (12.2) | 1.50 (0.70–3.21) | 0.30 |  |  |
 Hemiplegia | 6 (6.2) | 16 (8.3) | 0.70 (0.25–2.00) | 0.51 |  |  |
 Dementia | 6 (6.2) | 15 (7.7) | 0.79 (0.30–2.08) | 0.64 |  |  |
 Chronic pulmonary disease | 7 (7.2) | 13 (6.7) | 1.10 (0.38–3.19) | 0.60 |  |  |
 Connective tissue disease | 3 (3.1) | 3 (1.6) | 2.38 (0.38–14.97) | 0.36 |  |  |
 Peptic ulcer disease | 19 (19.6) | 29 (14.9) | 1.37 (0.73–2.55) | 0.33 |  |  |
 Mild liver diseases | 14 (4.4) | 16 (8.3) | 1.83 (0.86–3.88) | 0.11 |  |  |
 Moderate-to-severe liver diseases | 7 (7.2) | 8 (4.1) | 1.83 (0.63–5.29) | 0.26 |  |  |
 Moderate-to-severe renal diseases | 39 (40.2) | 53 (27.3) | 2.07 (1.15–3.73) | 0.02 | 2.64 (1.00–6.93) | 0.05 |
 Diabetes mellitus without end organ damage | 35 (36.1) | 61 (31.4) | 1.27 (0.73–2.19) | 0.40 |  |  |
 Diabetes mellitus with end organ damage | 7 (7.2) | 8 (4.1) | 1.83 (0.63–5.29) | 0.26 |  |  |
 Solid tumor without metastases | 21 (21.7) | 47 (24.2) | 0.83 (0.42–1.61) | 0.58 |  |  |
 Metastatic solid tumor | 7 (7.2) | 11 (5.7) | 1.31 (0.48–3.62) | 0.60 |  |  |
 Leukemia | 17 (17.5) | 28 (14.4) | 1.56 (0.62–3.94) | 0.35 |  |  |
 Lymphoma | 4 (4.1) | 13 (6.7) | 0.62 (0.20–1.89) | 0.40 |  |  |
 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA |  |  |
Healthcare factors within 30 days before EOF | ||||||
 Receipt of solid organ transplantation | 0 (0) | 4 (2.1) | NA | NA |  |  |
 Receipt of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | 3 (3.1) | 15 (7.7) | 0.33 (0.09–1.24) | 0.10 | 0.37 (0.08–1.63) | 0.19 |
 New receipt of hemodialysis | 15 (15.5) | 7 (3.6) | 6.46 (2.12–19.69) | 0.001 | 3.66 (0.99–13.73) | 0.05 |
 ICU admission | 66 (67.0) | 43 (22.2) | 10.63 (5.03–22.48) | < 0.001 | 9.32 (3.61–24.02) | < 0.001 |
 GI intervention | 13 (13.4) | 9 (4.6) | 3.34 (1.32–8.47) | 0.01 |  |  |
 Steroid use | 50 (51.6) | 107 (55.7) | 0.80 (0.48–1.33) | 0.39 |  |  |
 Chemotherapy | 18 (18.6) | 46 (23.8) | 0.65 (0.31–1.34) | 0.24 |  |  |
 Parental hyperalimentation | 40 (41.2) | 54 (28.0) | 1.98 (1.14–3.46) | 0.02 |  |  |
 Neutropenia | 14 (14.4) | 10 (5.2) | 3.44 (1.37–8.65) | 0.009 |  |  |
 Mechanical ventilator | 49 (50.5) | 90 (46.4) | 1.24 (0.71–2.17) | 0.45 |  |  |
 Indwelling urinary catheter | 38 (39.2) | 92 (47.4) | 0.68 (0.40–1.16) | 0.16 |  |  |
 Central venous catheters | 87 (89.7) | 120 (61.9) | 7.05 (3.11–15.97) | < 0.001 | 3.38 (1.30–8.82) | 0.01 |
Antibiotics use within 30 days before EOF | ||||||
 Antipseudomonal penicillin | 20 (20.6) | 24 (12.4) | 1.89 (0.97–3.68) | 0.06 |  |  |
 Penicillins combined with β-lactamases inhibitors | 2 (2.1) | 7 (3.6) | 0.54 (0.10–2.79) | 0.46 |  |  |
 First-generation cephalosporin | 0 (0) | 3 (1.6) | NA | NA |  |  |
 Second-generation cephalosporin | 6 (6.2) | 5 (2.6) | 2.68 (0.74–9.68) | 0.13 |  |  |
 Third-generation cephalosporin | 32 (33.0) | 27 (13.9) | 2.95 (1.63–5.32) | < 0.001 | 4.06 (1.79–9.20) | 0.001 |
 Fourth-generation cephalosporin | 29 (29.9) | 18 (9.3) | 4.48 (2.21–9.07) | < 0.001 | 5.32 (1.85–10.29) | 0.002 |
 Carbapenem | 40 (41.2) | 32 (16.5) | 4.35 (2.28–8.30) | < 0.001 |  |  |
 Fluoroquinolone | 27 (27.8) | 29 (15.0) | 2.17 (1.20–3.95) | 0.01 |  |  |
 Metronidazole | 7 (7.2) | 11 (5.7) | 1.29 (0.49–3.44) | 0.61 |  |  |
 Aminoglycoside | 8 (8.3) | 13 (6.7) | 1.24 (0.50–3.07) | 0.64 |  |  |
 Glycopeptide | 29 (29.9) | 31 (16.0) | 2.28 (1.25–4.14) | 0.007 |  |  |
 Tigecycline | 3 (3.1) | 10 (5.2) | 0.60 (0.17–2.18) | 0.44 |  |  |
 Daptomycin | 8 (8.3) | 17 (8.8) | 0.93 (0.38–2.28) | 0.88 |  |  |
 Linezolid | 14 (14.4) | 8 (4.1) | 4.79 (1.70–13.48) | < 0.001 |  |  |
 SXT | 9 (9.3) | 14 (7.2) | 1.36 (0.53–3.46) | 0.52 |  |  |
 Othersb | 19 (19.6) | 22 (11.3) | 2.00 (0.99–4.03) | 0.05 | 0.36 (0.12–1.05) | 0.06 |