Table 6 Costs related to a companion animal colonized or infected with a resistant pathogen (using its owner as proxy), necessary in a “One-Health” cost model
From: A one health framework to estimate the cost of antimicrobial resistance
Data element | Category of costs | Individual costs |
|---|---|---|
Direct | Costs of any treatment of the animal borne by the veterinary service (regardless of whether or not such costs are passed on to an insurance company. | − Cost of antibiotics − Cost of drug administration (central lines, etc) − Costs of diagnostic tests − Cost of nursing care − Cost of cohorting (including cost of leaving not occupied beds due to isolation of one patient restricting the use of the bed(s) in the same room) − Extended length of stay − Cost of non-standard surgical prophylaxis. Surgical prophylaxis in infected patients, with more expensive drugs − Extra hospital admissions, or extra care required for disease sequelae directly linked to the drug-resistant infection, like recurrent infection, kidney failure, amputation, neurological sequelae, extra surgery |
Out-of-pocket expenditure borne by the owner for care | − travel or transport to and from the veterinary clinic − special food, physiotherapy, transport − referring to specialists of complex cases − pet health insurance − Cost of disposal of remains/incineration/funeral | |
Surveillance and control activities | − Costs of enhanced surveillance − Cost of any screening that is triggered − Costs of isolation, cohorting or contact precautions to the veterinary health care system − Costs for environmental decontamination of MDR bacteria | |
Training of health care professionals and information/communication | − Costs of pre-service, in-service and continuous professional education per relevant cadre of veterinary healthcare professional − Cost of any related public health or information campaign | |
Legal and insurance costs (patient) | − Additional insurance costs to cover problems associated specifically with resistance − Litigation costs, when suing hospitals for transmission of resistance infection | |
Legal and insurance costs (hospital) | − Litigation costs, when sued by patients for transmission of resistance infection − Costs of implementing or regulating and enforcing national robust, representative comprehensive surveillance programmes among companion animals | |
Indirect | Loss of owner productivity when seeking treatment for the animal’s resistant infection (or colonisation) or when the animal dies from the resistant infection | − value of foregone workdays |