Table 3 Commonly assessed risk factors for intestinal carriage of drug-resistant E. coli, 2014-2019, stratified by travellers and general adults

Travellers

General adults

Risk Factor

Number of studies investigated*

Pooled OR (95%CI)

χ²(P-value)

l²(%)

Number of studies investigated*

Pooled OR (95%CI)

χ²(P-value)

l²(%)

General factors

Gender

4

1.14 (0.85-1.51)

2.17(0.54)

0

6

1.16 (0.90-1.50)

6.15 (0.29)

19

Diet restriction (vegetarian)

3

1.92 (1.13-3.26)

1.29 (0.52)

0

1

-

-

-

Pet

1

-

-

-

3

0.93 (0.70-1.24)

0.94 (0.63)

0

Education level

1

-

-

-

3

0.92 (0.63-1.35)

0.98 (0.81)

0

Clinical factors

Antimicrobial use

4

2.81 (1.47-5.36)

4.07 (0.25)

26

7

1.51 (1.17-1.94)

5.54 (0.48)

0

Previous hospital admission

1

-

-

-

5

1.47 (0.79-2.76)

5.54 (0.24)

28

Diarrhea

4

1.65 (1.02-2.68)

5.16 (0.16)

42

3

1.53 (1.27-1.84)

0.43 (0.80)

0

Travel related factors

International travel

0

-

-

-

6

1.13 (0.73-1.74)

10.73 (0.06)

53

Travel to Southeast Asia

5

1.93 (0.46-8.12)

41.24 (<0.01)

90

8

1.67 (1.02-2.73)

5.56 (0.06)

64

Travel to Africa

3

0.75 (0.29-1.96)

19.27 (<0.01)

90

2

-

-

-

Travel to India

3

3.80 (2.23-6.47)

1.62 (0.45)

0

1

-

-

-