Table 1 A comparison of patient and microbial characteristics and clinical outcomes between three patient groups with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) colonization
Group 1a N = 67 | Group 2a N = 22 | Group 3a N = 65 | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/median | % or IQR | n/median | % or IQR | n/median | % or IQR | ||
Demogrophics | |||||||
Age [years] | 65 | 49–76 | 67.5 | 50–78 | 67 | 57–77 | 0.608 |
Female sex | 35 | 52.2% | 12 | 54.6% | 32 | 49.2% | 0.927 |
ICU Stay | 22 | 32.8% | 5 | 22.7% | 20 | 30.8% | 0.702 |
Admission from | 0.265 | ||||||
Home | 49 | 73.1% | 15 | 68.2% | 53 | 81.5% | |
Other acute-care facility | 13 | 19.4% | 6 | 27.3% | 6 | 9.2% | |
Nursing-home | 5 | 7.5% | 1 | 4.6% | 4 | 6.2% | |
Unknown | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 3.1% | |
Exposures | |||||||
Recent hospitalizationb | 49 | 73.1% | 13 | 59.1% | 42 | 64.6% | 0.399 |
Including ICU stay | 14 | 20.9% | 2 | 9.1% | 10 | 15.4% | 0.466 |
History of stay outside of Switzerlandb | 25 | 37.3% | 2 | 9.1% | 3 | 4.6% | < 0.001 |
Europe | 11 | 16.4% | 1 | 4.6% | 2 | 3.1% | |
Asia | 7 | 10.5% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 1.5% | |
North America | 1 | 1.5% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | |
South America | 1 | 1.5% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | |
Africa | 5 | 7.5% | 1 | 4.6% | 0 | 0% | |
Hospitalisation abroadb | 18 | 26.9% | 1 | 4.6% | 1 | 1.5% | < 0.001 |
Prior antibiotic therapyh | 41 | 61.2% | 9 | 40.9% | 23 | 35.4% | 0.010 |
Aminoglycosides | 6 | 9.0% | 1 | 4.6% | 1 | 1.5% | |
Carbapenems | 8 | 12.0% | 2 | 9.1% | 4 | 6.2% | |
1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins | 1 | 1.5% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 1.5% | |
3rd, 4th and 5th generation cephalosporins | 12 | 17.9% | 1 | 4.6% | 2 | 3.1% | |
Cotrimoxazole | 11 | 16.4% | 2 | 9.1% | 5 | 7.7% | |
Fosfomycin | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 3.1% | |
Fluoroquinolones | 10 | 14.9% | 3 | 13.6% | 3 | 4.6% | |
Glycopeptides | 3 | 4.5% | 2 | 9.1% | 2 | 3.1% | |
Macrolides | 2 | 3.0% | 2 | 9.1% | 2 | 3.1% | |
Metronidazole | 3 | 4.5% | 3 | 13.6% | 2 | 3.1% | |
Penicillin | 4 | 6.0% | 0 | 0% | 3 | 4.6% | |
Penicillin-beta-lactamase-inhibitor | 9 | 13.4% | 4 | 18.2% | 6 | 9.2% | |
Piperacillin-tazobactam | 11 | 16.4% | 3 | 13.6% | 9 | 13.9% | |
Tetracycline | 1 | 1.5% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | |
Otherg | 7 | 10.5% | 1 | 4.55% | 3 | 4.6% | |
Duration of prior antibiotic therapy [days] | 26 | 8–39 | 24 | 5–39 | 21 | 9–42 | 0.927 |
Clinical characteristics | |||||||
Charlson Comorbidity Index | 2 | 0–3 | 2 | 1–3 | 2 | 1–3 | 0.945 |
Solid organ transplantation | 4 | 6.0% | 2 | 9.1% | 5 | 7.7% | 0.763 |
Allogenic stem cell transplantation | 4 | 6.0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0.117 |
Recent surgeryc | 21 | 31.3% | 6 | 27.3% | 22 | 33.9% | 0.892 |
Indwelling vascular hardwared | 4 | 6.0% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 3.1% | 0.618 |
Urinary catheterizatione | 13 | 19.4% | 4 | 18.2% | 16 | 24.6% | 0.799 |
Active open woundsf | 6 | 9.0% | 4 | 18.2% | 8 | 12.3% | 0.429 |
Dialysis | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 1.5% | 0.565 |
Immunosuppressive therapyb | 19 | 28.4% | 4 | 18.2% | 19 | 29.2% | 0.643 |
Proton-pump inhibitor therapyh | 40 | 59.7% | 12 | 54.6% | 36 | 55.4% | 0.879 |
Microbiological characteristics | |||||||
ESBL – species | |||||||
Escherichia coli | 61 | 91.0% | 18 | 81.8% | 55 | 84.6% | 0.369 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 57 | 85.1% | 5 | 22.7% | 9 | 13.9% | < 0.001 |
Citrobacter spp. | 9 | 13.4% | 2 | 9.1% | 1 | 1.5% | |
Enterobacter cloacae | 7 | 10.5% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | |
Proteus spp. | 3 | 4.5% | 1 | 4.5% | 0 | 0% | |
Klebsiella aerogenes | 2 | 3.0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | |
Klebsiella variicola | 2 | 3.0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | |
Infection due to ESBL-PEi | 18 | 26.9% | 8 | 36.4% | 31 | 47.7% | 0.044 |
Outcomes | |||||||
Length of hospital stay [days] | 20 | 10–34 | 11.5 | 5–22 | 15 | 5–29 | 0.091 |
In-hospital death | 3 | 4.5% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0.284 |
Discharge destination | 0.972 | ||||||
Home | 35 | 54.7% | 12 | 54.6% | 36 | 55.4% | |
Other acute-care facility | 24 | 37.5% | 9 | 40.9% | 23 | 35.4% | |
Long-term healthcare center | 1 | 1.6% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 1.6% | |
Nursing-home | 4 | 6.3% | 1 | 4.6% | 3 | 4.6% | |
Unknown | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 3.1% | |