Table 2 Species, carbapenemase-encoding allele and material from CPE isolates cultured in the Netherlands and submitted to the pathogen surveillance system (Type-Ned CPE) per year and the trend over time, 2017–2019, the Netherlands

Total number of isolates

234

307

354

895

Total number of carbapenemase-encoding alleles

244

328

379

951

Species

 Klebsiella pneumoniae complex

99 (42.3%)

122 (39.7%)

131 (37.2%)

352

 Escherichia coli

82 (35.0%)

90 (29.3%)

136 (38.4%)

308

 Enterobacter cloacae complex

31 (13.2%)

38 (12.4%)

32 (9.0%)

101

 Citrobacter freundii complex

10 (4.3%)

33 (10.7%)

27 (7.6%)

70

 Other species

12 (5.1%)

24 (7.8%)

28 (7.9%)

64

Most frequently identified carbapenemase-encoding allele (WGS)

 bla_KPC-2

14 (5.7%)

11 (3.4%)

11 (2.9%)

36

 bla_KPC-3

13 (5.3%)

6 (1.8%)

1 (0.3%)

20

↓

 bla_NDM-1

37 (15.2%)

37 (11.3%)

46 (12.1%)

120

 bla_NDM-5

18 (7.4%)

61 (18.6%)

77 (20.3%)

156

↑

 bla_NDM-7

5 (2.0%)

6 (1.8%)

10 (2.6%)

21

 bla_OXA-48

89 (36.5%)

125 (38.1%)

145 (38.3%)

359

 bla_OXA-181

13 (5.3%)

22 (6.7%)

26 (6.9%)

61

 bla_OXA-244

6 (2.5%)

10 (3.0%)

11(2.9%)

27

 bla_VIM-1

24 (9.8%)

14 (4.3%)

8 (2.1%)

46

↓

 Other carbapenemase-encoding gene

14 (5.7%)

22 (6.7%)

23 (6.1%)

59

 No carbapenemase-encoding gene found

8 (3.3%)

14 (4.3%)

21 (5.5%)

43

 No WGS results

3 (1.2%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

3

Sample material

 Swab of throat/nose/perineum/rectum

161 (68.8%)

213 (69.4%)

243 (68.6%)

617

 Urine

29 (12.4%)

44 (14.3%)

68 (19.2%)

141

↑

 Wound/ulcer/superficial infection

7 (3.0%)

13 (4.2%)

18 (5.1%)

38

 Pus/aspirate/biopsy

10 (4.3%)

4 (1.3%)

8 (2.3%)

22

 Sputum/bronchoalveolar lavage

11 (4.7%)

7 (2.3%)

4 (1.1%)

22

↓

 Blood

10 (4.3%)

4 (1.3%)

5 (1.4%)

19

↓

 Urine (catheter-related)

3 (1.3%)

9 (2.9%)

3 (0.8%)

15

 Other/unknown

3 (1.3%)

13 (4.2%)

5 (1.4%)

21