Table 3 The level of participants’ agreement in each attitude statement (N = 276)
Items | Strongly disagree n (%) | Disagree n (%) | Never agree nor disagree n (%) | Agree n (%) | Strongly agree n (%) | Factor loading | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | ||||||
Factor 1: Attitudes towards the roles of antibiotics in recovering from health conditions irrespective of the causes | |||||||||
I believe antibiotics may have a role in recovering from the following health conditions, irrespective of their cause, | |||||||||
Fever | 75 (27.2) | 79 (28.6) | 7 (2.5) | 93 (33.7) | 22 (8) | 0.7562 | |||
Common cold and Cough | 65 (23.5) | 67 (24.3) | 13 (4.7) | 104 (37.7) | 27 (9.8) | 0.8005 | |||
Acute sore throat | 57 (20.6) | 51 (18.5) | 11 (4) | 123 (44.6) | 34 (12.3) | 0.8787 | |||
Acute diarrhoea | 61 (22) | 57 (20.7) | 9 (3.3) | 118 (42.8) | 31 (11.2) | 0.8709 | |||
Wound infection | 48 (17.4) | 38 (13.8) | 10 (3.6) | 133 (48.2) | 47 (17) | 0.9052 | |||
Uncomplicated urinary tract infection | 50 (18.1) | 41 (14.9) | 11 (4) | 137 (49.6) | 37 (13.4) | 0.9393 | |||
Factor 2: Attitudes towards non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics | |||||||||
The CDRO staff should dispense antibiotics without prescription because refusing to dispense antibiotics without a prescription will negatively affect the CDRO’s sales and profits | 121 (43.8) | 108 (39.1) | 15 (5.5) | 19 (6.9) | 13 (4.7) | 0.6902 | |||
The education I acquired or the knowledge I have about antibiotics is adequate to allow me to dispense antibiotics without a prescription | 92 (33.3) | 110 (39.9) | 12 (4.3) | 45 (16.3) | 17 (6.2) | 0.7629 | |||
The CDRO staff should dispense antibiotics without prescription because refusing clients’ request to dispense antibiotics without prescription may cause client dissatisfaction with the CDRO service | 103 (37.3) | 110 (39.9) | 16 (5.8) | 32 (11.6) | 15 (5.4) | 0.8487 | |||
The CDRO staff should dispense antibiotics without prescription as clients may easily obtain a prescription from their doctor | 98 (35.5) | 129 (46.7) | 8 (3) | 34 (12.3) | 7 (2.5) | 0.5354 | |||
As the pressure from the CDRO owner to increase sales and profits is high, the CDRO staff should dispense antibiotics without a prescription | 112 (40.6) | 115 (41.7) | 17 (6.1) | 23 (8.3) | 9 (3.3) | 0.6607 | |||
The CDRO staff should dispense antibiotics without prescription as they will get it easily from another retail outlet anyway | 98 (35.5) | 105 (38) | 20 (7.3) | 35 (12.7) | 18 (6.5) | 0.3999 | |||
If a patient with a bacterial infection visits a CDRO, the CDRO staff should dispense antibiotics without asking for a prescription | 106 (38.4) | 118 (42.8) | 14 (5) | 33 (12) | 5 (1.8) | 0.4146 | |||
If CDRO staff know that clients have neither the time nor the finance to visit a doctor, they should dispense antibiotics without the prescription | 110 (39.8) | 107 (38.8) | 21 (7.6) | 30 (10.9) | 8 (2.9) | 0.4122 | |||
Factor 3: Attitudes towards professional competency to supply non-prescribed antibiotics | |||||||||
Dispensing antibiotics without a prescription is not a problem because, | |||||||||
I believe that antibiotics are safe medicines | 138 (50) | 102 (37) | 9 (3.2) | 21 (7.6) | 6 (2.2) | 0.7562 | |||
I believe that antibiotics have no or few side effects | 118 (42.8) | 114 (41.3) | 7 (2.5) | 28 (10.1) | 9 (3.3) | 0.7774 | |||
I have the ability to assess the patients’ need for antibiotics | 105 (38) | 113 (40.9) | 18 (6.5) | 31 (11.3) | 9 (3.3) | 0.8216 | |||
I know whether to dispense antibiotics to the patient or refer them to a doctor | 94 (34.1) | 99 (35.9) | 12 (4.3) | 47 (17) | 24 (8.7) | 0.7623 | |||
I can properly counsel patients on appropriate use of antibiotics | 94 (34.1) | 95 (34.4) | 16 (5.8) | 54 (19.5) | 17 (6.2) | 0.7728 | |||
Factor 4: Attitudes regarding the actions to prevent antibiotic resistance and/or promote appropriate use | |||||||||
Clients should stop self-medicating with antibiotics to prevent the occurrence of antibiotic resistance | 39 (14.1) | 26 (9.4) | 13 (4.7) | 104 (37.7) | 94 (34.1) | 0.5545 | |||
The CDRO staff should not dispense antibiotics without a prescription because provision of antibiotics without prescription leads to the development of resistance | 45 (16.3) | 33 (12) | 19 (6.9) | 97 (35.1) | 82 (29.7) | 0.4158 | |||
Dispensing antibiotics without a prescription should be more closely controlled by the authorities | 29 (10.5) | 20 (7.2) | 22 (8) | 110 (39.9) | 95 (34.4) | 0.7414 | |||
A CDRO staff should encourage patients to consult a physician and get a prescription before visiting the CDRO | 33 (12) | 18 (6.5) | 8 (2.9) | 89 (32.2) | 128 (46.4) | 0.7632 | |||
Promoting appropriate use of antibiotics is a shared responsibility of healthcare professionals, patients, and policy makers | 29 (10.5) | 23 (8.4) | 10 (3.6) | 95 (34.4) | 119 (43.1) | 0.7588 | |||
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.944 | 0.856 | 0.879 | 0.790 | |||||