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Table 4 Antibiotic resistance pattern in E. coli based on seasons

From: Assessment of antibiotic resistance changes during the Covid-19 pandemic in northeast of Iran during 2020–2022: an epidemiological study

Antibiotic

Season

Winter 2020

Spring 2020

Summer 2020

Fall 2020

Winter 2021

Spring 2021

Summer 2021

Fall 2021

Winter 2022

P value

AP

5 (83.3)

6 (66.6)

4 (80.0)

23 (95.8)

20 (95.2)

5 (100)

2 (66.6)

4 (100)

 < 0.001

CZ

3 (100)

22 (66.6)

35(72.9)

34 (58.6)

42 (67.7)

47 (87.0)

61 (85.9)

52 (71.2)

17 (80.9)

 < 0.001

GM

7 (63.6)

11 (31.4)

9 (18.7)

10 (16.3)

17 (16.1)

10 (12.3)

7 (11.6)

15 (15.6)

2 (33.3)

 < 0.001

AK

2 (100)

0 (0)

4 (44.4)

2 (50)

4 (66.6)

4 (25)

2 (28.5)

1 (10)

 < 0.001

SAM

2 (33.3)

1(14.2)

4 (80)

15 (71.4)

9 (60)

8 (47)

12 (70.5)

5 (71.4)

0.002

PTZ

0 (0)

1 (14.2)

0 (0)

13 (59)

0 (0)

0 (0)

6 (50)

2 (33.3)

 < 0.001

CPM

1 (25)

6 (60)

2 (40)

16 (80)

14 (82.3)

10 (62.5)

11 (91.6)

0.005

FOX

1 (33.3)

2 (33.3)

1 (16.6)

1 (20)

11 (73.3)

8 (61.5)

2 (66.6)

4 (33.3)

 < 0.001

CRO

22 (61.1)

18 (52.9)

30 (69.7)

32 (52.4)

70 (67.3)

68 (76.4)

65 (76.4)

64(68)

24 (68.5)

 < 0.001

CIP

9 (56.2)

3 (50)

2 (25)

0 (0)

1 (100)

 < 0.001

IMI

1 (11.1)

0 (0)

12 (25)

25 (40.9)

45 (42.8)

59 (85.5)

44 (61.1)

24 (28.9)

12 (32.4)

 < 0.001

MEM

1 (9)

0 (0)

4 (8.3)

3 (4.6)

64 (68.8)

56 (70.8)

11 (36.6)

12 (13.3)

3 (27.2)

 < 0.001

CAZ

4 (57.1)

6 (75)

4 (80)

4 (50)

1 (50)

2 (66.6)

3 (75)

9 (90)

 < 0.001

NI

3 (9.3)

12 (46.1)

20 (54)

15 (25.4)

7 (8.4)

8 (11.1)

19 (28.7)

11 (14.8)

1 (3.7)

 < 0.001

  1. AP (Ampicillin), CZ (Cefazolin), GM (Gentamicin), AK (Amikacin), SAM (Ampicillin-Sulbactam), PTZ (Pipracillin-Tazobactam), CPM (Cefepime), FOX (Cefoxitin), CRO (Ceftriaxone), CIP (Ciprofloxacin), IMI (Imipenem), MEM (Meropenem), CAZ (Ceftazidim) and NI (Nitrofurantoin).
  2. Variables were described as the frequency (%).
  3. *Samples for which antibiotic resistance testing has not been performed are marked with "–".