Table 2 Patient-, surgery-, and central venous catheter characteristics
From: Healthcare-associated infections in Dutch hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic
| Â | Pre-pandemic | Pandemic | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
PPS module | 16,106 patients | 3124 patients | Â |
Age in years [median, (IQR)] | 64.8 (32.9) | 63.9 (34.2) | < 0.01 |
Age group (n (%)) | < 0.01 | ||
 < 1 year | 1191 (7.3) | 272 (8.7) |  |
 1–19 year | 804 (5.0) | 163 (5.2) |  |
 20–29 year | 708 (4.4) | 126 (4.0) |  |
 30–39 year | 1032 (6.4) | 194 (6.2) |  |
 40–49 year | 1080 (6.7) | 211 (6.8) |  |
 50–59 year | 1951 (12.1) | 405 (13.0) |  |
 60–69 year | 2972 (18.5) | 556 (18.1) |  |
 70–79 year | 3430 (21.3) | 705 (22.6) |  |
 80–89 year | 2412 (15.0) | 406 (13.0) |  |
 ≥ 90 year | 526 (3.3) | 76 (2.4) |  |
Sex [male (n (%))] | 8060 (50.0) | 1625 (52.0) | 0.04 |
Specialty [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Cardiology | 1654 (10.3) | 304 (9.7) |  |
 Surgery | 2284 (14.2) | 434 (13.9) |  |
 Internal medicine | 1908 (11.8) | 332 (10.6) |  |
 Paediatrics | 1140 (7.1) | 216 (6.9) |  |
 Respiratory medicine | 1285 (8.0) | 235 (7.6) |  |
 Other | 7835 (48.6) | 1603 (51.3) |  |
McCabe [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Non-fatal (> 5 year) | 11,615 (72.1) | 2141 (68.5) |  |
 Ultimately fatal (1–5 year) | 1394 (8.7) | 311 (10.0) |  |
 Rapidly fatal (< 1 year) | 308 (1.9) | 69 (2.2) |  |
 Unknown | 2789 (17.3) | 603 (19.3) |  |
ICU [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Yes | 1170 (7.3) | 281 (9.0) |  |
 No | 14,936 (92.7) | 2843 (91.0) |  |
Medical devices [n (%)]a | Â | ||
 Urethral catheter | 3374 (20.9) | 711 (22.8) | 0.02 |
 Peripheral catheter | 9011 (56.0) | 1767 (56.6) | 0.5 |
 Mechanical ventilation | 482 (3.0) | 128 (4.2) | < 0.01 |
 Central venous catheter | 1,572 (9.8) | 458 (14.7) | < 0.01 |
Antibiotics [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Yes | 6065 (37.7) | 1330 (42.6) |  |
 No | 10,041 (62.3) | 1794 (57.4) |  |
SSI module | 217,212 surgeries | 35,793 surgeries | Â |
Age in years [median (IQR)] | 67.7 (57.5–74.7) | 67.3 (56.4–74.5) | < 0.01 |
Sex [male (n (%))] | 67.137 (31.6) | 11.193 (34.0) | < 0.01 |
Body mass index [median (IQR)] | 27.3 (24.4–30.8) | 27.2 (24.3–30.7) | < 0.01 |
Length of stay in days (median (IQR)) | 2 (0–274) | 1 (0–95) | < 0.01 |
Duration of surgery in minutes [median (IQR)] | 62 (47–80) | 59 (44–76) | < 0.01 |
ASA classification [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 1 | 38,062 (17.5) | 5083 (14.2) |  |
 2 | 130,422 (60.0) | 21,954 (61.3) |  |
 3 | 38,025 (17.5) | 7223 (20.2) |  |
 4 | 1138 (0.5) | 217 (0.6) |  |
 5 | 58 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) |  |
 Unknown/NA | 9507 (4.4) | 1312 (3.6) |  |
NNIS index [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 0 | 139,092 (64.0) | 21,199 (59.2) |  |
 1 | 59,217 (27.3) | 11,009 (30.8) |  |
 2 | 8891 (4.1) | 2186 (6.1) |  |
 3 | 248 (0.1) | 66 (0.2) |  |
 Unknown/NA | 9764 (4.5) | 1333 (3.7) |  |
Type of surgery [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Cardiothoracic surgery | 5596 (2.6) | 948 (2.6) |  |
 Mamma surgery | 24,556 (11.3) | 4080 (11.4) |  |
 Colon surgery | 26,832 (12.4) | 4770 (13.3) |  |
 Orthopaedic surgery | 140,821 (64.8) | 22,353 (62.5) |  |
 Obstetrics | 15,465 (7.1) | 2896 (8.1) |  |
 Neurosurgery | 3942 (1.8) | 746 (2.1) |  |
CRBSI module | 8595 patients (10,546 CVCs) | 1929 patients (2614 CVCs) | Â |
Age in years [median (IQR)] | 69.5 (60.3–76.5) | 68.6 (59.1–74.5) | < 0.01 |
Sex [male (n (%))] | 5044 (58.7) | 1259 (65.3) | < 0.01 |
Number of CVCs per patient [median (IQR)] | 1.2 (1–1) | 1.3 (1–1) | < 0.01 |
CVC days [median (IQR)] | 5 (3–8) | 6 (4–9) | < 0.01 |
ICU [n (%)] | < 0.01 | ||
 Yes | 6574 (76.5) | 1591 (82.5) |  |
 No | 2021 (23.5) | 338 (17.5) |  |
CVC use [n (%)]b | Â | ||
 Total parenteral nutrition | 1,889 (17.9) | 428 (16.4) | 0.06 |
 Antibiotics | 5037 (47.8) | 1624 (62.1) | < 0.01 |
 Dialysis | 1191 (11.3) | 312 (11.9) | 0.36 |
 Hemodynamic monitoring | 5466 (51.8) | 1500 (57.4) | < 0.01 |
 Other | 1861 (17.6) | 304 (11.6) | < 0.01 |