Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Authors & pub. year | Region | Study area | Study period | Study design | Study participants | Type of specimen | Outcome | AST method | Sample size | Prev. of S. aureus n (%) | Prev. of VRSA n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alebachew et al., 2012 [24] | Central | Addis Ababa | March to May 2011 | Cross-sectional | Burn patients | Wound swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 114 | 66 (57.8) | 4 (6.1) |
Tadesse S., 2014 [25] | Central | Addis Ababa | December 2013 to June 2014 | Cross-sectional | Inpatient and outpatients, post-surgical infection, otitis media suspects | Wound swab, ear swab, nasal swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 94 | 54 (57.4) | 22 (40.7) |
Negussie et al., 2015 [26] | Central | Addis Ababa | October 2011 to February 2012 | Cross-sectional | Septicemia suspected children (≤ 12 years) | Blood | Infection | Disk diffusion | 201 | 13 (23.2) | 2 (15.4) |
Dilnessa & Bitew, 2016 [27] | Central | Addis Ababa | September 2013 to April 2014 | Cross-sectional | In and out patients | Nasal swab, pus/abscess, ear discharge, blood, throat swab, eye swab, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, urine, stool, sputum, CSF, body fluids | Infection | E-test/MIC | 1360 | 194 (14.3) | 10 (5.2) |
Dilnessa & Bitew, 2016 [28] | Central | Addis Ababa | September 2013 to August 2014 | Cross-sectional | Postoperative and burn patients | Wound/pus swab | Infection | Dilution/MIC | 378 | 179 (47.4) | 10 (5.6) |
Atlaw et al., 2022 [29] | Central | Addis Ababa | November 2020 to May 2021 | Cross-sectional | Diabetic foot ulcer patients | Ulcer swab, pus aspirate | Infection | Disk diffusion | 130 | 32 (25.2) | 12 (37.5) |
Gebremariam et al., 2022 [30] | Central | Addis Ababa | January to April 2018 | Cross-sectional | All patients | Wound, blood, urine, ear swab, nasal swab, body fluid, eye swab, CSF, semen, urogenital swab | Infection | Dilution/MIC | 792 | 54 (54) | 1 (1.8) |
Kahsay et al., 2014 [31] | Amhara | Debre Markos | December 2011 to March 2012 | Cross-sectional | Patients with surgical site infections | Wound swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 184 | 73 (39.7) | 3 (4.1) |
Shibabaw et al., 2014 [32] | Amhara | Dessie | November 2010 to March 2011 | Cross-sectional | Healthcare workers | Nasal swab | Carriage | Disk diffusion | 118 | 34 (28.8) | 10 (29.4) |
Denboba et al., 2016 [33] | Amhara | Dessie | September 2001 to September 2011 | Retrospective | Middle ear bacterial infection suspects | Ear discharge swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 1225 | 77 (6.3) | 32 (41.6) |
Abebe M et al., 2019 [34] | Amhara | Debre Markos | November 2013 to February 2017 | Retrospective | In and out patients | Urine, stool, blood, ear discharge, wound, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, CSF | Infection | Dilution/MIC | 514 | 41 (17.1) | 5 (12.2) |
Gobena A, 2019 [35] | Amhara | Bahir Dar | January to December 2018 | Cross-sectional | Pediatric patients | Blood | Infection | Disk diffusion | 910 | 86 (9.4) | 15 (17.4) |
Abosse et al., 2020 [36] | Amhara | Bahir Dar | February to June 2019 | Cross-sectional | Patients with surgical wound infections | Wound/pus swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 165 | 31 (26.9) | 3 (9.7) |
Tefera et al., 2021 [37] | Amhara | Debre Markos | February to April 2020 | Cross-sectional | Inpatients | Wound swab | Infection | E-test/MIC | 242 | 71 (29.3) | 21 (29.6) |
Jemal et al., 2021 [38] | Amhara | Gondar | January 2010 to December 2020 | Retrospective | Neonatal sepsis suspects | Blood | Infection | Disk diffusion | 1854 | 118 (22) | 8 (6.8) |
Getaneh et al., 2021 [39] | Amhara | Gondar | January 2013 to December 2018 | Retrospective | Ear infection suspects | Ear discharge | Infection | Disk diffusion | 369 | 75 (27.9) | 4 (5.3) |
Abebe W et al., 2021 [40] | Amhara | Gondar | January 2012 to December 2018 | Retrospective | Blood stream infection suspects | Blood | Infection | Disk diffusion | 2404 | 215 (8.9) | 10 (4.6) |
Abrha et al., 2011 [41] | Oromia | Jimma | October 2009 to May 2010 | Cross-sectional | Severely malnourished children (below 14 years) | Blood | Carriage | Disk diffusion | 170 | 10 (28.6) | 3 (30) |
Wubshet et al., 2012 [42] | Oromia | Jimma | February to April 2008 | Cross-sectional | Inpatient and outpatients | Wound swab, nasal swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 323 | 81 (25.1) | 1 (1.2) |
Kejela & Bacha, 2013 [43] | Oromia | Jimma | December 2010 to June, 2011 | Cross-sectional | Primary school children and prisoners | Nasal swab | Carriage | Disk diffusion | 354 | 169 (47.7) | 5 (3) |
Godebo et al., 2013 [44] | Oromia | Jimma | June to December 2011 | Cross-sectional | Inpatient and outpatient | Wound swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 322 | 73 (22.7) | 12 (16.4) |
Tesfaye et al., 2013 [45] | Oromia | Jimma | January to June 2012 | Cross-sectional | External ocular infection suspects | Eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea and conjunctival swabs | Infection | Disk diffusion | 198 | 42 (28.4) | 7 (16.7) |
Beyene et al., 2019 [46] | Oromia | Jimma | February to May 2017 | Cross-sectional | Food handlers in hotels | Nasopharyngeal swab, hand swab | Carriage | Disk diffusion | 300 | 86 (28.7) | 6 (7) |
Sorsa et al., 2019 [47] | Oromia | Asella | April 2016 to May 2017 | Cross-sectional | Sepsis suspected neonates in NICU | Blood | Infection | Disk diffusion | 303 | 16 (18.2) | 3 (18.8) |
Kejela et al., 2022 [48] | Oromia | Mettu | November 2019 to April 2020 | Cross-sectional | Inpatients | Wound swab, nasal swab | Infection | Dilution/MIC | 384 | 126 (32.8) | 10 (7.9) |
Daka D, 2014 [49] | Sidama | Hawassa | August 2013 to December 2014 | Cross-sectional | Health care workers | Hand swab | Carriage | Disk diffusion | 152 | 84 (55.3) | 34 (40.4) |
Guta et al., 2014 [50] | Sidama | Hawassa | November 2010 to June 2011 | Cross-sectional | Patients with infected surgical wounds | Infected surgical wound swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 100 | 45 (45) | 30 (66.7) |
Deyno et al., 2017 [51] | Sidama | Hawassa | February to November 2016 | Cross-sectional | Out patients with ear infection | Ear swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 117 | 33 (28.2) | 25 (75.8) |
Mechal et al., 2021 [52] | Sidama | Hawassa | October 2018 to February 2019 | Cross-sectional | Adult outpatients (≥ 18 years) | Urine | Infection | Disk diffusion | 387 | 21 (16.5) | 2 (9.5) |
Abebe T et al., 2023 [53] | Somali | Jigjiga | May 1 to June 30, 2020 | Cross-sectional | External ocular infection suspects | Conjunctival swab | Infection | Disk diffusion | 288 | 95 (60.5) | 4 (4.2) |
Wasihun et al., 2015 [54] | Tigray | Mekelle | March to October 2014 | Cross-sectional | Febrile patients | Blood | Infection | Dilution/MIC | 514 | 54 (10.5) | 1 (1.8) |