Table 4 The barriers to hand hygiene compliance

Hand hygiene makes your hands painful and dry (skin trouble).

4.66^a

3.88^b

4.32^b

It is difficult to do hand hygiene if a superior does not do hand hygiene.

2.98

3.31

2.94

Hand hygiene is difficult in an emergency.

5.17^a

4.76^b

4.22^c

It is hard to tell my colleagues to do hand hygiene.

3.52

3.67

3.31

Hand hygiene wastes time for more important things.

3.42^a

2.98^b

2.72^b

Hand hygiene is not necessary if you wear gloves.

2.21^b

2.75^a

2.21^b

I do not think there is any ethical problem even if I don’t sterilise my hands.

2.26

2.33

2.21

Hand hygiene has not become a habit.

2.53^b

3.01^a

2.72^a

I often forget about hand hygiene.

2.73^b

3.34^a

2.74^b

There is no special disadvantage even if hand hygiene is not done.

2.28^b

2.82^a

2.28^b

I do not know exactly when to do hand hygiene.

1.93^b

2.32^a

1.94

If hand hygiene is being monitored, I do not want to do it.

3.06

3.00

2.72

I am not sure if hand hygiene is helpful for patient safety.

2.00

2.10

1.92

Because there is no soap or hand towel in each hospital room, proper hand hygiene is difficult.

2.56^b

3.11^a

2.50^b