Table 2 Implementing the core components for infection prevention and control: Four country experiences from all over the world with focus on successes and challenges. USD: United States Dollar. IPC: infection prevention and control, HAI: healthcare-associated infections, COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019

Senegal

77 (2020)

Overall: 32.8

Prevent: 11.0

Detect: 28.3

Respond: 41.3

Health:14.6

Norms: 54.0

Risk: 47.8

National IPC program introduced in 2004

Overall performance of 52% of the minimum requirements. Well established IPC program at all levels of the healthcare system with a national budget

Lack of implementation and operational problems after more than a decade of active IPC program

Mexico

539 (2020)

Overall: 57.0

Prevent: 41.9

Detect: 54.3

Respond: 64.8

Health: 54.7

Norms: 68.1

Risk: 57.9

15 IPC initiatives:

- 6 regulatory frameworks

- 9 manuals or guidelines

Sentinel Surveillance System for HAI since 1997.

Local and individual achievements by institutions or universities.

Development and implementation of collaborative strategies and overall reduction of HAI

Chile

1,479 (2021)

Overall: 56.2

Prevent: 47.2

Detect: 58.1

Respond: 59.5

Health: 52.9

Norms: 53.1

Risk: 66.2

National IPC program introduced in 1983 (mandatory since 1986)

Well established IPC program since decades.

COVID-19 pandemic with increase in HAI outbreaks and incidence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms while human resources were drastically reduced

Türkiye

395 (2020)

Overall: 50.0

Prevent: 51.1

Detect: 41.4

Respond: 36.6

Health: 53.9

Norms: 59.7

Risk: 57.2

National IPC program introduced in 2005

National action plan for prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance and sepsis introduced in 2019

Well established surveillance system for healthcare-associated infections and multidrug-resistant microorganisms.

Implementation of multimodal strategies, improving workload and staffing as well as bed occupancy