Country/Region | AMR burden | TrACSS 2022 Country reports [51] | Established antimicrobial stewardship program | Success | Challenges |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thailand | Estimated to cause 88,000 infections, 3.24 additional hospitalizations, and 38,000 deaths in 2010 (21) | Training and Education on AMR in human healthcare sector: C Monitoring antimicrobial consumption in human health C National surveillance system for AMR in human health: D IPC in human health: D Adoption of AWaRe classification into national EML: D [52] | National AMR Surveillance Centre founded in 1998 Additional antibiotics smart use program added in 2007 Antibiotic awareness day introduced 2013 | 80% of hospitals have an established ASP | Evaluation of effectiveness of ASP is ongoing |
Japan | Disability-adjusted life years due to bloodstream infections caused by nine major antimicrobial-resistant bacteria: 195.2/100,000 population (2021) [53] | Training and Education on AMR in human healthcare sector: E Monitoring antimicrobial consumption in human health E National surveillance system for AMR in human health: E IPC in human health: E Adoption of AWaRe classification into national EML: NA [54] | Action plan on antimicrobial resistance introduced in 2016 Updated national action plan on antimicrobial resistance in 2023 | Immediate effect seen on use of antimicrobials | No sustainable effect, despite ongoing downward trend in use of antimicrobials |
South Africa | According to the Global Burden of Disease study, sub-Saharan Africa had the highest mortality (23.7 deaths per 100,000) attributable to AMR (5). | Training and Education on AMR in human healthcare sector: C Monitoring antimicrobial consumption in human health B National surveillance system for AMR in human health: D IPC in human health: B Adoption of AWaRe classification into national EML: B [55] | Antimicrobial resistance National Strategy Framework introduced in 2014 (2014–2024) Guidelines on Implementation of the Antimicrobial Strategy in South Africa: One Health Approach & Governance (February 2017) South African Antimicrobial Resistance National Strategy Framework; a one Heath approach (2018–2024): Guidelines for the Prevention and Containment of AMR in South African Hospitals: One Health Approach and Governance 2018 | Ministerial Advisory Board for Antimicrobial Resistance has been appointed by the Minister of Health, in 2015. A nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial use by a web-based application. | South Africa’s national action plan against antibiotic resistant bacterial infections remains unfunded. The prevalence of infections caused by difficult-to-treat resistant Gram-negative bacteria (DTR-GNB) is rapidly increasing. |
Latin America | Estimated to cause 338,000 deaths associated with and 84,300 deaths attributable to AMR in Latin America and the Caribbean (5). | NA | In 22 out of 33 countries in Latin America, 50% have not implemented an ASP yet, whereas in the other half, an ASP is currently being implemented. | Cost-effectiveness of ASP in Latin America are proven | Limited support by federal governments and local healthcare facility administrators to establish resources for ASP |