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Table 1 Model-estimated AMR prevalence of K. pneumoniae isolates from female outpatients with presumptive uUTI (2011–2019)

From: Prevalence, regional distribution, and trends of antimicrobial resistance among female outpatients with urine Klebsiella spp. isolates: a multicenter evaluation in the United States between 2011 and 2019

AMR phenotype prevalence, % (95% Cl)

Characteristic

NTF NS (n = 141,799)

SXT NS (n = 24,027)

ESBL+/NS (n = 11,181)

FQ NS (n = 11,075)

MDR-2

MDR-3

 Overall prevalence (2011–2019)

56.6 (56.3–56.9)

9.6 (9.5–9.7)

4.6 (4.5–4.7)

4.4 (4.3–4.5)

9.5 (9.3–9.6)

3.7 (3.6–3.8)

 Average annual percent change (2011–2019)a

 − 0.3 (−0.6 to −0.1)

 + 2.1 (1.6 to 2.7)

 + 5.4 (4.3 to 6.5)

 + 2.1 (1.1 to 3.0)

 + 1.8 (1.1 to 2.4)

 + 5.6 (4.5 to 6.8)

 Age (years)b

  12–17

61.4 (58.8–64.1)

8.3 (7.3–9.4)

1.9 (1.5–2.4)

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

7.1 (6.2–8.2)

1.5 (1.1–2.0)

  18–54

59.1 (58.4–59.9)

8.9 (8.2–9.7)

3.0 (2.8–3.2)

2.9 (2.5–3.4)

8.7 (8.0–9.5)

2.6 (2.3–3.1)

  55–64

57.4 (56.5–58.4)

11.6 (10.7–12.6)

4.7 (4.3–5.0)

5.3 (4.6–6.2)

11.7 (10.7–12.8)

4.8 (4.1–5.6)

  65–74

55.0 (54.2–55.8)

11.2 (10.4–12.2)

4.4 (4.2–4.7)

5.2 (4.5–6.1)

11.3 (10.4–12.4)

4.6 (4.0–5.4)

  > 74

52.2 (51.6–52.9)

10.2 (9.4–11.0)

4.4 (4.2–4.7)

5.5 (4.8–6.4)

10.7 (9.8–11.6)

4.5 (3.9–5.3)

 US census divisionb

  New England

57.7 (55.0–60.5)

9.0 (7.8–10.4)

2.5 (2.0–3.2)

2.8 (2.2–3.6)

8.0 (6.8–9.3)

2.8 (2.1–3.6)

  Middle Atlantic

54.4 (53.5–55.3)

9.8 (9.1–10.6)

3.4 (3.1–3.6)

3.8 (3.3–4.5)

9.1 (8.4–9.9)

3.4 (2.9–3.9)

  East North Central

56.2 (55.4–57.0)

9.8 (9.1–10.6)

3.2 (3.0–3.4)

3.7 (3.2–4.3)

9.2 (8.5–10.0)

3.4 (2.9–3.9)

  West North Central

56.0 (53.2–59.0)

8.6 (7.4–10.1)

2.5 (1.9–3.2)

2.4 (1.8–3.1)

8.1 (6.9–9.6)

2.3 (1.7–3.1)

  South Atlantic

61.6 (60.6–62.6)

10.2 (9.4–11.1)

3.9 (3.6–4.3)

4.4 (3.7–5.1)

11.0 (10.1–12.0)

3.8 (3.3–4.5)

  East South Central

55.5 (54.6–56.5)

11.4 (10.6–12.3)

3.5 (3.2–3.7)

3.8 (3.3–4.5)

10.4 (9.5–11.2)

3.3 (2.8–3.8)

  West South Central

56.0 (55.1–56.9)

12.1 (11.2–13.1)

4.9 (4.5–5.3)

4.6 (3.9–5.3)

12.2 (11.3–13.2)

4.3 (3.7–5.0)

  Mountain

56.8 (55.2–58.5)

8.9 (8.0–9.8)

3.1 (2.7–3.6)

3.6 (3.0–4.3)

8.8 (7.9–9.8)

3.0 (2.5–3.6)

  Pacific

58.6 (57.5–59.7)

10.3 (9.5–11.2)

5.4 (5.0–5.9)

4.4 (3.7–5.1)

11.7 (10.7–12.8)

4.0 (3.4–4.7)

  1. AMR, Antimicrobial resistance; CI, Confidence interval; ESBL+/NS, Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-positive or not susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, or cefepime; FQ, Fluoroquinolone; MDR-2/-3, Multidrug-resistant if resistant to ≥ 1 antibiotic in ≥ 2 or ≥ 3 individual drug classes (including NTF, SXT, FQ, or the ESBL+/NS phenotype); NS, Not susceptible; NTF, Nitrofurantoin; SXT, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; US, United States; uUTI, Uncomplicated urinary tract infection
  2. aRelative average annual percentage change in prevalence of resistance. NTF NS p = 0.0041; all other phenotypes p < 0.0001
  3. bSignificant variation observed across age groups (p < 0.0001) and census divisions (p < 0.0001) for all phenotypes