High load of multi-drug resistant nosocomial neonatal pathogens carried by cockroaches in a neonatal intensive care unit at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Cockroaches are one of the common-place pests widely distributed in public places, including hospitals, food industries and kitchens [1, 2]. They feed on animal products, meat and grease, starchy food, sweets and unprotected materials [3]. The most abundantly distributed cockroach species is Blatella germanica and this is also the case as shown in an Ethiopian study [4–6].

The fact that cockroaches carry pathogenic bacteria has been reported for many years. Longfellow in 1912 showed that cockroaches carried pathogens, including Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Citreus and Bacillus of the subtilis type [7]. Fungi of medical importance such as Candida: Rhizopus, Mucor, Alternaria and Aspergillus spp. were isolated from cockroaches in hospital wards and residential areas [8]. A recent study (2010) in central Tehran, Iran reported that at least 25 different species of medically important bacteria, the most frequent being Klebsiella spp., were isolated from Blatella germanica and Periplaneta americanaI collected from public hospitals and a residential house. Cockroaches from hospitals were more likely to be contaminated with medically important bacteria [9]. A study by Cotton et al. from South Africa compared pathogenic strains from cockroaches and those which colonize infants and found no difference [10].

Tachbele et al. studied the microbiology of cockroaches from hospitals and restaurants in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, isolating four sero-groups of Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli 0157, S. aureus and Bacillus cereus. Most of the isolates were found in hospital cockroaches both from gut and external surfaces. However, they didn't find statistically significant differences in the distribution of potential pathogens between source location and body parts. Drug sensitivity was also determined in that study and more resistant cases were seen in hospitals [6].

In a study by Hsiu-Hua Pai et al., 23 bacterial and 12 fungal isolates were found from Blatella. germanica. Multi-drug resistance with resistance to Ampicillin (13.7%-100%), Chloramphenicol (14.3%-71.4%), Tetracycline (14.3%-73.3%), and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (14.3%-57.1%) was found in two gram-positive and five gram-negative bacteria [11].

There are insufficient data on the potential health impact of cockroaches in neonatal intensive care units. Yes, large numbers of cockroaches are encountered on beds, heaters, oxygen tubes and incubators of neonates at Tikur Anbessa Hospital in Addis Ababa. Cockroaches were also reported from an adult intensive care unit (ICU), calling for action to control these potential disease vectors and the nuisance they create in hospital settings. This article reports on the microbiology of cockroaches in the neonatal intensive care unit of Tikur Anbessa Hospital.

A total of 400 cockroaches were collected from the neonatal intensive care unit of Tikur Anbessa Hospital from mid-February 2011 to mid-July 2011. All the cockroaches were found to be Blatella germanica. There were a total of 80 homogenate samples (batch of 10 cockroaches pulled as one); 40 were gut homogenates and the other 40 were external homogenates, the samples were collected sequentially; the first sample was collected in February and the last in July. There were a total of 231 isolates of 12 species of pathogenic bacteria from the gut and external homogenates of these cockroaches. Growth of pathogenic bacteria was found in each of the gut and external homogenates. Almost all had a poly-microbial (more than one pathogen) growth.

More resistance to Gentamicin and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was found among gut isolates as compared to external isolates (96%vs 87% and 94%vs 83% respectively; P-value = 0.018 and 0.021 respectively) when compared with Fisher's Exact test for proportion resistant between body parts. There was no statistically significant difference in proportion of resistance between body parts for the other antimicrobials.

Our findings show that there are many bacterial pathogens carried and harbored by cockroaches residing in the intensive neonatal care unit of Tikur Anbessa Hospital. These pathogens are common causes of neonatal nosocomial sepsis. Most isolated strains were multi-drug resistant. These findings indicate that cockroaches might be potential vectors for multidrug resistant bacteria pathogens in a neonatal intensive care unit set up and that their effective control and extermination is an important addition to infection prevention.

The "batching" of cockroaches used in this study might have hampered the identification of bacterial load of each cockroach in the batch. However, since the main purpose of the study was to identify the possible effect of cockroaches in NICU microbiology, the findings are important indicators of the need for urgent control of these potential vectors.

All cockroaches in this study were identified as Blatella germanica, a species widely associated with humans. This was also demonstrated by another study in Addis Ababa [6]. Two Klebsiella species were found to be the most frequent isolates in the current study. Klebsiella was also isolated from cockroaches by other researchers elsewhere in ICU and non-ICU settings [11, 27, 28]. This pathogen is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis in the same neonatal intensive care unit where we conducted our study [29]. The Klebsiella species isolated in our study were multidrug resistant; this was similarly documented by a study in TAH-NICU which demonstrated isolation of multidrug resistant Klebsiella from blood cultures of sick newborns^.[26] However, the level of resistance of this pathogen for most antimicrobials was higher than most control studies [11, 26, 30, 31].

Citrobacter spp was reported as important cause of neonatal nosocomial infections accounting for more than a third of all the identified infections in a study in Nepal [32]. The fact that cockroaches carry Citrobacter spp. has been shown by researchers elsewhere, though isolation was reported to be from house roaches [11, 30]. In another study, the sources of nosocomial Citrobacter infection were indicated to be the hands of medical staff, water for injection, face masks, nasal prongs, stethoscopes, etc. [32]. However, the current study showed that Citrobacter species was the second most common isolate from cockroaches residing in the NICU. This finding is important as it points to one of the significant vectors for transmission of this emerging neonatal pathogen. The fact that the isolates showed a multi-drug resistant pattern is in agreement with a study by Khadka et al. [32]. In that study, the sensitivity of Citrobacter species to floroquinolones was shown to be higher, which is in agreement with our findings of good sensitivity for Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial infection is one of the devastating gram-negative neonatal infections. There are numerous studies which isolated Pseudomonas spp. from cockroaches in hospital settings [11, 27, 28, 30]. Pseudomonas spp. is one of the common blood culture isolates from sick newborns in the TAH-NICU [33]. Hence, our findings strengthen the evidence that cockroaches may play a vector role for transmission of organisms to newborns. There was a multi-drug resistance pattern among all the isolates of Pseudomonas spp. Sensitivity for Floroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin) was found to be 95% as opposed to a 0%and 21% sensitivity to penicillin and gentamicin respectively. Similarly, resistance was reported to be 71.4%, 57.1% and 14.3% for Ampicillin, Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin, respectively, by Hsiu-Hua Pai et al. [11] couldn't find NICU isolates of Pseudomonas from cockroaches, preventing comparison with our findings.

Enterobacter spp. neonatal bacteremia was found to be among the commonly encountered causes of neonatal sepsis by various bacteriologic studies [33–36]. Cockroaches as carriers of Enterobacter spp. were demonstrated by several studies elsewhere [11, 27, 28, 30]. We showed that the most common Enterobacter species was Enterobacter cloacae. Finnstrom et al. [37] and Hervas et al. [38] reported outbreaks of Enterobacter cloacae sepsis in neonatal ICUs. Hence, isolation of a high load of Enterobacter cloacae from cockroaches sharing a room with neonates in this study is an important finding indicating the possible sources of infection. The current study also demonstrated the multi-drug resistant pattern of Enterobacter spp; a better sensitivity to floroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin) was observed, a pattern in agreement with the findings by Roy et al. [35].

Salmonella spp. was isolated from several health facilities in Ethiopia infested by cockroaches, including restraunts and hospitals [6, 39, 40]. But it has not been reported from the NICU of Tikur Anbessa Hospital. There are a considerable number of studies on the distribution and drug susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp. in Ethiopia but there is no consistent finding on the predominant serotype. Salmonella microbiologic studies by Mache [41] and Asrat [31] showed a predominance of Salmonella serotype B, whereas a similar study by Beyene [42] revealed a higher number of serotype C isolates. Tachbele et al. [6] reported the most commonly isolated serotype from cockroaches as serotype B and didn't demonstrate isolation of serotype C. However, all the salmonella isolates in the current study were serotype C1. To resolve this discrepancy, a larger scale study may be required. There was a 100% sensitivity and resistance to Floroquinolones and Gentamicin, respectively. Resistance was also 100% for Penicillin and Chloramphenicol. A similar pattern was reported by control studies [43–45].

The finding of more resistance to Gentamicin and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole among gut isolates in the current study was not shown in other cockroach researches for comparison.

Other smaller isolates of pathogenic organisms which similarly grew in other studies [6, 14, 45, 46] included Providencia retegerri, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Acinetobacter spp. and Shigella flexneri. Non Group A. streptococcus was isolated from both external and internal samples. This isolate was not described in other cockroach microbiologic studies elsewhere.

Based on the current and previous findings, the link between cockroaches and nosocomial infection has been established warranting provision of an effective and integrated pest management system. Such effective system of environmental control of cockroaches has to be implemented because of their notoriously resilient character and ability to readily infest diverse habitats [47].

Our study documented a relatively high bacterial load and multi-drug resistant pattern, especially for the commonly used penicillin and aminoglycosides, compared to most other cockroach bacteriological studies in NICU settings and can be a useful addition to the existing body of literature on neonatal nosocomial infection control. The organisms carried and harbored by cockroaches are similar to those causing nosocomial neonatal sepsis. Cockroaches appear to be an important vector for multi-drug resistant neonatal nosocomial infections and neonatal intensive care units, urgently demanding their control through effective and integrated pest control systems.