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Table 3 Sub-group analysis of the pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance, and the least potent drugs among bacterial contaminants of herbal medicines in Africa from 2000 to 2021

From: Antibiotic-resistance in medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Africa from 2000 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Variable

Analysis

Number of studies

Prevalence % (95% CI)

P value

I2 (%) (95% CI)

P het

MDR bacteria per country of study

Ethiopia

2

60.18 (13.15 to 97.27) REF

 

97.16 (92.69 to 98.90)

 < 0.0001

Kenya

2

25.53 (3.70 to 90.23)

 < 0.0001

99.10 (98.25 to 99.54)

 < 0.0001

Nigeria

11

49.35 (22.78 to 76.12)

0.0364

97.93 (97.24 to 98.44)

 < 0.0001

MDR bacteria per year of publication

2021 to 2011

14

50.02 (27.20 to 72.83) REF

 

98.16 (97.66 to 98.55)

 < 0.0001

2010 to 2000

4

11.80 (7.85 to 41.54)

 < 0.0001

95.08 (90.38 to 97.48)

 < 0.0001

MDR bacteria per disease treated

Erectile dysfunction

2

86.78 (32.51 to 95.25) REF

 

98.09 (95.58 to 99.18)

 < 0.0001

HIV/AIDS complications

2

44.56 (13.58 to 78.15)

 < 0.0001

89.11 (59.13 to 97.10)

0.0024

Urinary tract infections

2

72.99 (49.51 to 91.11)

0.0044

93.55 (49.51 to 91.11)

0.0001

Malaria

3

85.43 (59.59 to 99.11)

0.7301

96.23 (92.02 to 98.22)

 < 0.0001

Cancer

2

72.99 (49.51 to 91.11)

0.0044

93.55 (79.10 to 98.01)

0.0001

Typhoid

3

54.50 (2.07 to 99.71)

 < 0.0001

98.83 (98.03 to 99.31)

 < 0.0001

Diabetes

2

22.54 (8.88 to 92.43)

 < 0.0001

98.57 (96.91 to 99.34)

 < 0.0001

Unspecified diseases

11

39.19 (17.32 to 63.65)

 < 0.0001

97.67 (96.86 to 98.26)

 < 0.0001

Least potent drugs

Ceftazidime

3

95.10 (78.51 to 99.87) REF

 

87.48 (70.14 to 94.75)

 < 0.0001

Ampicillin

3

81.15 (47.61 to 99.21)

0.0002

96.29 (92.17 to 98.24)

 < 0.0001

Least potent drug classes

3rd Generation cephalosporins

4

94.78 (73.65 to 99.39) REF

 

91.64 (78.64 to 96.73)

 < 0.0001

Penicillins

6

89.57 (69.78 to 99.43)

0.0677

95.35 (92.21 to 97.22)

 < 0.0001

All β-lactam drugs

13

92.45 (81.59 to 98.73)

0.3123

95.99 (94.47 to 97.09)

 < 0.0001

  1. Bolded P-values are not significant
  2. MDR = Multi-Drug Resistance, ESBL = Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase, CI = Confidence Interval, het = Heterogeneity, HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus, AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, REF = Reference value
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

ISSN: 2047-2994

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