Kelly C, LaMont J: Clostridium difficile - more difficult than ever. N Eng J Med. 2008, 359: 1932-1940. 10.1056/NEJMra0707500.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Zilberberg M, Shorr A, Kollef M: Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, United States, 20002005. Emerging Infectious Dis. 2008, 14: 929-931. 10.3201/eid1406.071447.
Article
Google Scholar
Kyne L, Hamel M, Polavaram R, Kelly C: Health Care Costs and Mortality Associated with Nosocomial Diarrhea Due to Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis. 2002, 34: 346-353. 10.1086/338260.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ghantoji SS, Sail K, Lairson DR, DuPont HL, Garey KW: Economic healthcare costs of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect. 2010, 74: 309-318. 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.10.016.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Graves N, Harbarth S, Beyersmann J, Barnett A, Halton K, Cooper B: Estimating the cost of health care-associated infections: mind your ps and qs. Clin Infect Dis. 2010, 50: 1017-1021. 10.1086/651110.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barnett AG, Batra R, Graves N, Edgeworth J, Robotham J, Cooper B: Using a Longitudinal Model to Estimate the Effect of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection on Length of Stay in an Intensive Care Unit. Am J Epidemiol. 2009, 170: 1186-1194. 10.1093/aje/kwp249.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beyersmann J, Gastmeier P, Wolkewitz M, Schumacher M: An easy mathematical proof showed that time-dependent bias inevitably leads to biased effect estimation. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008, 61: 1216-1221. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.02.008. Epub 2008 Jul 1210
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beyersmann J, Kneib T, Schumacher M, Gastmeier P: Nosocomial infection, length of stay, and time-dependent bias. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009, 30: 273-276. 10.1086/596020.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beyersmann J, Wolkewitz M, Schumacher M: The impact of time-dependent bias in proportional hazards modelling. Stat Med. 2008, 27: 6439-6454. 10.1002/sim.3437.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Graves N, Weinhold D, Tong E, Birrell F, Doidge S, Ramritu P, Halton K, Lairson D, Whitby M: Effect of healthcare-acquired infection on length of hospital stay and cost. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007, 28: 280-292. 10.1086/512642. Epub 2007 Feb 2020
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Walraven C, Davis D, Forster AJ, Wells GA: Time-dependent bias was common in survival analyses published in leading clinical journals. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004, 57: 672-682. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.12.008.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Walraven C, Seth R, Austin PC, Laupaci A: Effect of Discharge Summary Availability During Post-discharge Visits on Hospital Readmission. J Gen Intern Med. 2002, 17: 186-192. 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10741.x.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wolkewitz M, Allignol A, Schumacher M, Beyersmann J: Two Pitfalls in Survival Analyses of Time-Dependent Exposure: A Case Study in a Cohort of Oscar Nominees. Am Stat. 2010, 64: 205-211. 10.1198/tast.2010.08259.
Article
Google Scholar
Barnett AG, Beyersmann J, Allignol A, Rosenthal VD, Graves N, Wolkewitz M: The time-dependent bias and its effect on extra length of stay due to nosocomial infection. Value Health. 2011, 14: 381-386. 10.1016/j.jval.2010.09.008.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Whittemore R, Knafl K: The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005, 52: 546-553. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG: Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2008, 57: 205-210. 10.1136/gut.2007.128231.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bhangu S, Bhangu A, Nightingale P, Michael A: Mortality and risk stratification in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Colorectal Dis. 2010, 12: 241-246. 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01832.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nguyen GC, Kaplan GG, Harris ML, Brant SR: A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008, 103: 1443-1450. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01780.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
OBrien JA, Lahue BJ, Caro JJ, Davidson DM: The emerging infectious challenge of clostridium difficile-associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007, 28: 1219-1227. 10.1086/522676.
Article
Google Scholar
Zerey M, Paton BL, Lincourt AE, Gersin KS, Kercher KW, Heniford BT: The burden of Clostridium difficile in surgical patients in the United States. Surg Infect. 2007, 8: 557-566. 10.1089/sur.2006.062.
Article
Google Scholar
Zilberberg MD, Nathanson BH, Sadigov S, Higgins TL, Kollef MH, Shorr AF: Epidemiology and outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients on prolonged acute mechanical ventilation. Chest. 2009, 136: 752-758. 10.1378/chest.09-0596.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dubberke ER, Wertheimer AI: Review of current literature on the economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009, 30: 57-66. 10.1086/592981.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Riley TV, Codde JP, Rouse IL: Increased length of hospital stay due to Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. Lancet. 1995, 345: 455-456.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dubberke ER, Butler AM, Reske KA, Agniel D, Olsen MA, DAngelo G, McDonald LC, Fraser VJ: Attributable outcomes of endemic Clostridium difficile-associated disease in nonsurgical patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008, 14: 1031-1038. 10.3201/eid1407.070867.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pepin J, Valiquette L, Cossette B: Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ. 2005, 173: 1037-1042. 10.1503/cmaj.050978.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kenneally C, Rosini JM, Skrupky LP, Doherty JA, Hollands JM, Martinez E, McKinzie WE, Murphy T, Smith JR, Micek ST, Kollef MH: Analysis of 30-day mortality for clostridium difficile-associated disease in the ICU setting.[Erratum appears in Chest. Nov;132(5):1721 Note: McKenzie, Wendi [corrected to McKinzie, Wendi E]]. Chest. 2007, 2007 (132): 418-424.
Article
Google Scholar
Lawrence SJ, Puzniak LA, Shadel BN, Gillespie KN, Kollef MH, Mundy LM: Clostridium difficile in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, costs, and colonization pressure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007, 28: 123-130. 10.1086/511793.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lumpkins K, Bochicchio GV, Joshi M, Gens R, Bochicchio K, Conway A, Schaub S, Scalea T: Clostridium difficile infection in critically injured trauma patients. Surg Infect. 2008, 9: 497-501. 10.1089/sur.2007.071.
Article
Google Scholar
Bajaj JS, Ananthakrishnan AN, Hafeezullah M, Zadvornova Y, Dye A, McGinley EL, Saeian K, Heuman D, Sanyal AJ, Hoffmann RG: Clostridium difficile is associated with poor outcomes in patients with cirrhosis: a national and tertiary center perspective. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010, 105: 106-113. 10.1038/ajg.2009.615.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Song X, Bartlett JG, Speck K, Naegeli A, Carroll K, Perl TM: Rising economic impact of clostridium difficile-associated disease in adult hospitalized patient population. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008, 29: 823-828. 10.1086/588756.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Graves N, Halton K, Jarvis W: Economics and Preventing Heatlhcare Acquired Infection. 2009, Springer, New York
Book
Google Scholar
Roberts RR, Frutos PW, Ciavarella GG, Gussow LM, Mensah EK, Kampe LM, Straus HE, Joseph G, Rydman RJ: Distribution of variable vs fixed costs of hospital care. JAMA. 1999, 281: 644-649. 10.1001/jama.281.7.644.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Plowman R, Graves N, Griffin A, Roberts J, Swan A, Cookson B, Taylor L: The socioeconomic burden of hospital acquired infection. Book The socioeconomic burden of hospital acquired infection. 1999, Department of Health, City
Google Scholar
Beyersmann J: A random time interval approach for analysing the impact of a possible intermediate event on a terminal event. Biom J. 2007, 49: 742-749. 10.1002/bimj.200610342.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Forster AJ, Taljaard M, Oake N, Wilson K, Roth V, van Walraven C: The effect of hospital-acquired infection with Clostridium difficile on length of stay in hospital. Can Med Assoc J. 2012, 184: 37-42. 10.1503/cmaj.110543.
Article
Google Scholar
Beyersmann J, Gastmeier P, Grundmann H, Barwolff S, Geffers C: Use of multistate models to assess prolongation of intensive care unit stay due to nosocomial infection. 2006, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, ETATS-UNIS
Google Scholar