Fisher K, Phillips C. The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. Microbiology. 2009;155:1749–57. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.026385-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Suleyman G, Alangaden G, Bardossy AC. The role of environmental contamination in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens and healthcare-associated infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2018;20:12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-018-0620-2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J, Horan TC, Sievert DM, Pollock DA, et al. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006–2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:996–1011. https://doi.org/10.1086/591861.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arias CA, Murray BE. The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10:266–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2761.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Remschmidt C, Schröder C, Behnke M, Gastmeier P, Geffers C, Kramer TS. Continuous increase of vancomycin resistance in enterococci causing nosocomial infections in Germany—10 years of surveillance. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0353-x.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
O’Driscoll T, Crank CW. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management. Infect Drug Resist. 2015;8:217–30. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S54125.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hollenbeck BL, Rice LB. Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in enterococcus. Virulence. 2012;3:421–33. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.21282.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Werner G, Coque TM, Hammerum AM, Hope R, Hryniewicz W, Johnson A, et al. Emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among enterococci in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 2008. https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.47.19046-en.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hayden MK, Blom DW, Lyle EA, Moore CG, Weinstein RA. Risk of hand or glove contamination after contact with patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus or the colonized patients’ environment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:149–54. https://doi.org/10.1086/524331.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Correa-Martinez CL, Tönnies H, Froböse NJ, Mellmann A, Kampmeier S. Transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the hospital setting: uncovering the patient-environment interplay. Microorganisms. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020203.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhou X, Willems RJL, Friedrich AW, Rossen JWA, Bathoorn E. Enterococcus faecium: from microbiological insights to practical recommendations for infection control and diagnostics. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9:130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00770-1.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gastmeier P, Schröder C, Behnke M, Meyer E, Geffers C. Dramatic increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:1660–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku035.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Klare I, Witte W, Wendt C, Werner G. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-012-1564-6.
Article
Google Scholar
Borgmann S, Schulte B, Wolz C, Gruber H, Werner G, Goerke C, et al. Discrimination between epidemic and non-epidemic glycopeptide-resistant E. faecium in a post-outbreak situation. J Hosp Infect. 2007;67:49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2007.06.002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Markwart R, Willrich N, Haller S, Noll I, Koppe U, Werner G, et al. The rise in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany: data from the German Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ARS). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0594-3.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jung E, Byun S, Lee H, Moon SY, Lee H. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus colonization in the intensive care unit: clinical outcomes and attributable costs of hospitalization. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42:1062–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.06.024.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chiang H-Y, Perencevich EN, Nair R, Nelson RE, Samore M, Khader K, et al. Incidence and outcomes associated with infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the united states: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38:203–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.254.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:318–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30753-3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Flokas ME, Karageorgos SA, Detsis M, Alevizakos M, Mylonakis E. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonisation, risk factors and risk for infection among hospitalised paediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;49:565–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.01.008.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andersson P, Beckingham W, Gorrie CL, Kennedy K, Daveson K, Ballard SA, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit and special care nursery at a tertiary-care hospital in Australia—a retrospective case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;40:551–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iosifidis E, Evdoridou I, Agakidou E, Chochliourou E, Protonotariou E, Karakoula K, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: epidemiology, molecular analysis and risk factors. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41:857–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.02.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Posfay-Barbe KM, Zerr DM, Pittet D. Infection control in paediatrics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70310-9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simon A, Gröger N, Engelhart S, Molitor G, Exner M, Bode U, et al. Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE)—importance, prevention and management in pediatrics—a review. Hyg Med. 2004;29:259–75.
Google Scholar
Vydra J, Shanley RM, George I, Ustun C, Smith AR, Weisdorf DJ, et al. Enterococcal bacteremia is associated with increased risk of mortality in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:764–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis550.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adams DJ, Eberly MD, Goudie A, Nylund CM. Rising vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infections in hospitalized children in the United States. Hosp Pediatr. 2016;6:404–11. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2015-0196.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khan AM, Morris SK, Bhutta ZA. Neonatal and perinatal infections. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2017;64:785–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2017.03.008.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vorstand des Klinikums der Universität München (LMU Klinikum). Leistungsbericht 2019. 2019. https://cdn0.scrvt.com/4d3e519fe5939342b95c7312343779ef/2b5753a974394f8e/2a0bea82de85/Leistungsbericht-2019_PRINT_korr.pdf. Accessed 23 June 2021.
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptability Testing (EUCAST). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 2021. https://eucast.org/ast_of_bacteria/. Accessed 19 May 2021.
Andrews S, Krueger F, Segonds-Pichon F, Biggins L, Krueger C, Wingett S. FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. Cambridge: Babraham institute; 2012.
Google Scholar
Wood DE, Salzberg SL. Kraken: ultrafast metagenomic sequence classification using exact alignments. Genome Biol. 2014;15:R46. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2014-15-3-r46.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bankevich A, Nurk S, Antipov D, Gurevich AA, Dvorkin M, Kulikov AS, et al. SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol. 2012;19:455–77. https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2012.0021.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Homan WL, Tribe D, Spark S, Li M, Hogg G, Spalburg E, et al. Multilocus sequence typing scheme for Enterococcus faecium. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(6):1963–71. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.6.1963-1971.2002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
de Been M, Pinholt M, Top J, Bletz S, Mellmann A, van Schaik W, et al. Core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for high-resolution typing of Enterococcus faecium. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:3788–97. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01946-15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nationales Referenzzentrum für Staphylokokken und Enterokokken. FAQ zu Genomsequenzierung. 2019. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/NRZ/Staphylokokken/Praeanalytikhandbuch/FAQ-Genomsequenzierung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Accessed 19 May 2021.
Singh-Naz N, Sleemi A, Pikis A, Patel KM, Campos JM. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization in children. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:413–6. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.37.2.413-416.1999.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fossi Djembi L, Hodille E, Chomat-Jaboulay S, Coudrais S, De Santis N, Gardes S, et al. Factors associated with Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus acquisition during a large outbreak. J Infect Public Health. 2017;10:185–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.010.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nourse C, Murphy H, Byrne C, O’Meara A, Breatnach F, Kaufmann M, et al. Control of a nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium in a paediatric oncology unit: risk factors for colonisation. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:20–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004310050760.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haas EJ, Zaoutis TE, Prasad P, Li M, Coffin SE. Risk factors and outcomes for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus bloodstream infection in Children. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:1038–42. https://doi.org/10.1086/655464.
Article
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. The 2019 WHO AWaRe classification of antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use. 2019. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/327957. Accessed 19 May 2021.
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2021. https://www.R-project.org/.
Erb S, Frei R, Dangel M, Widmer AF. Multidrug-resistant organisms detected more than 48 hours after hospital admission are not necessarily hospital-acquired. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.226.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhou Q, Moore C, Eden S, Tong A, McGeer A. Factors associated with acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in roommate contacts of patients colonized or infected with VRE in a tertiary care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:398–403. https://doi.org/10.1086/587187.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grundmann H, Bärwolff S, Tami A, Behnke M, Schwab F, Geffers C, et al. How many infections are caused by patient-to-patient transmission in intensive care units? Crit Care Med. 2005;33:946–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000163223.26234.56.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lister DM, Tan K, Carse E, Stuart RL. Clearance of infant vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium carriage after a neonatal inpatient outbreak. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44:1172–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.032.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Henning KJ, Delencastre H, Eagan J, Boone N, Brown A, Chung M, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on a pediatric oncology ward: duration of stool shedding and incidence of clinical infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:848–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199610000-00004.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schuster F, Graubner UB, Schmid I, Weiss M, Belohradsky BH. Vancomycin-resistant-enterococci—colonization of 24 patients on a pediatric oncology unit. Klin Padiatr. 1998;210:261–3. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1043889.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nourse C, Byrne C, Murphy H, Kaufmann ME, Clarke A, Butler K. Eradication of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium from a paediatric oncology unit and prevalence of colonization in hospitalized and community-based children. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;124:53–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026889900326X.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Drees M, Snydman DR, Schmid CH, Barefoot L, Hansjosten K, Vue PM, et al. Prior environmental contamination increases the risk of acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:678–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/527394.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McDermott H, Skally M, O’Rourke J, Humphreys H, Fitzgerald-Hughes D. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the intensive care unit in a nonoutbreak setting: identification of potential reservoirs and epidemiological associations between patient and environmental VRE. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018;39:40–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.248.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dancer SJ. Controlling hospital-acquired infection: focus on the role of the environment and new technologies for decontamination. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27:665–90. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00020-14.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schulz-Stübner S, Schmidt-Warnecke A, Hwang J-H. VRE transmission via the reusable breathing circuit of a transport ventilator: outbreak analysis and experimental study of surface disinfection. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:975–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-013-2842-y.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Golan Y, Doron S, Sullivan B, Snydman DR. Transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:566–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000164762.03930.0a.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Porwancher R, Sheth A, Remphrey S, Taylor E, Hinkle C, Zervos M. Epidemiological study of hospital-acquired infection with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: possible transmission by an electronic ear-probe thermometer. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1997;18:771–3. https://doi.org/10.1086/647535.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duckro AN, Blom DW, Lyle EA, Weinstein RA, Hayden MK. Transfer of vancomycin-resistant enterococci via health care worker hands. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:302–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.3.302.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jackson SS, Harris AD, Magder LS, Stafford KA, Johnson JK, Miller LG, et al. Bacterial burden is associated with increased transmission to health care workers from patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Am J Infect Control. 2019;47:13–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.07.011.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xanthopoulou K, Peter S, Tobys D, Behnke M, Dinkelacker AG, Eisenbeis S, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonizing patients on hospital admission in Germany: prevalence and molecular epidemiology. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75:2743–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa271.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hansen SK, Andersen L, Detlefsen M, Holm A, Roer L, Antoniadis P, et al. Using core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates to guide infection control interventions and end an outbreak. J Glob Antimicrobial Resist. 2021;24:418–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2021.02.007.
Article
Google Scholar
Pinholt M, Larner-Svensson H, Littauer P, Moser CE, Pedersen M, Lemming LE, et al. Multiple hospital outbreaks of vanA Enterococcus faecium in Denmark, 2012–13, investigated by WGS, MLST and PFGE J. Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2474–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv142.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Eisenberger D, Tuschak C, Werner M, Bogdan C, Bollinger T, Hossain H, et al. Whole-genome analysis of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium causing nosocomial outbreaks suggests the occurrence of few endemic clonal lineages in Bavaria, Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75:1398–404. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa041.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Freitas AR, Tedim AP, Francia MV, Jensen LB, Novais C, Peixe L, et al. Multilevel population genetic analysis of vanA and vanB Enterococcus faecium causing nosocomial outbreaks in 27 countries (1986–2012). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:3351–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw312.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sivertsen A, Billström H, Melefors Ö, Liljequist BO, Wisell KT, Ullberg M, et al. A multicentre hospital outbreak in Sweden caused by introduction of a vanB2 transposon into a stably maintained pRUM-plasmid in an Enterococcus faecium ST192 clone. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e103274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103274.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Arredondo-Alonso S, Top J, Corander J, Willems RJL, Schürch AC. Mode and dynamics of vanA-type vancomycin resistance dissemination in Dutch hospitals. Genome Med. 2021;13:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-020-00825-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pinholt M, Gumpert H, Bayliss S, Nielsen JB, Vorobieva V, Pedersen M, et al. Genomic analysis of 495 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium reveals broad dissemination of a vanA plasmid in more than 19 clones from Copenhagen, Denmark. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:40–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw360.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hufnagel M, Liese C, Loescher C, Kunze M, Proempeler H, Berner R, et al. Enterococcal colonization of infants in a neonatal intensive care unit: associated predictors, risk factors and seasonal patterns. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:107. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-7-107.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Miedema CJ, Kerkhof M, Arends JP, Bergman KA, Kimpen JL. Risk factors for colonization with enterococci in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2000;6:53. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00019.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Malik RK, Montecalvo MA, Reale MR, Li K, Maw M, Munoz JL, et al. Epidemiology and control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a regional neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18:352–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199904000-00009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aktürk H, Sütçü M, Somer A, Karaman S, Acar M, Ünüvar A, et al. Results of four-year rectal vancomycin-resistant enterococci surveillance in a pediatric hematology-oncology ward: from colonization to infection. Turk J Haematol. 2016;33:244–7. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjh.2015.0368.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Carmeli Y, Eliopoulos GM, Samore MH. Antecedent treatment with different antibiotic agents as a risk factor for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:802–7. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0808.010418.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hygienemaßnahmen zur Prävention der Infektion durch Enterokokken mit speziellen Antibiotikaresistenzen: Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2018;61:1310–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-018-2811-2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR 1995;44(No. RR-12).
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings, 2006. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35:S165–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.006.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Infection in Healthcare. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2019.
WHO Patient Safety, World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care. 2009. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44102/9789241597906_eng.pdf? sequence=1. Accessed 03 August 2021.
Muto CA, Jernigan JA, Ostrowsky BE, Richet HM, Jarvis WR, Boyce JM, et al. SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:362–86. https://doi.org/10.1086/502213.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Price CS, Paule S, Noskin GA, Peterson LR. Active surveillance reduces the incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:921–8. https://doi.org/10.1086/377733.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lepelletier D, Berthelot P, Lucet J-C, Fournier S, Jarlier V, Grandbastien B. French recommendations for the prevention of ‘emerging extensively drug-resistant bacteria’ (eXDR) cross-transmission. J Hosp Infect. 2015;90:186–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2015.04.002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ostrowsky BE, Trick WE, Sohn AH, Quirk SB, Holt S, Carson LA, et al. Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in health care facilities in a region. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1427–33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105103441903.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheng VCC, Tai JWM, Chau PH, Lai CKC, Chuang VWM, So SYC, et al. Successful control of emerging vancomycin-resistant enterococci by territory-wide implementation of directly observed hand hygiene in patients in Hong Kong. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44:1168–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.050.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anderson DJ, Gergen MF, Smathers E, Sexton DJ, Chen LF, Weber DJ, et al. Decontamination of targeted pathogens from patient rooms using an automated ultraviolet-C-emitting device. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(5):466–71. https://doi.org/10.1086/670215.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barnes SL, Rock C, Harris AD, Cosgrove SE, Morgan DJ, Thom KA. The impact of reducing antibiotics on the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38:663–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.34.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Patel SJ, Saiman L. Principles and strategies of antimicrobial stewardship in the neonatal intensive care unit. Semin Perinatol. 2012;36:431–6. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2012.06.005.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kreitmeyr K, von Both U, Pecar A, Borde JP, Mikolajczyk R, Huebner J. Pediatric antibiotic stewardship: successful interventions to reduce broad-spectrum antibiotic use on general pediatric wards. Infection. 2017;45:493–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-017-1009-0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harris PNA, Wailan AM. Beyond the core genome: tracking plasmids in outbreaks of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:421–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa052.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar